Technology is growing and widen every year to encompass many avenues. Businesses and agencies need trained individuals who are aware of the ins and outs of technologies in order to supply many services needed to make company work at the local amount and over and above. Many online colleges are providing degree distinctions in information technology. These kind of accredited programs are organizing students to go in the work pressure and become active, successful associates of the industry.

The particular profession of information technology concentrates on computer procedures. Proper education teaches college students how to deal with all the facets of information in conjunction with technology. Pros work in all areas of technological innovation by creating hardware, computer software, Internet applications, communication networks, and more. People will be able to locate a career to suit their pc and technologies interests due to the wide scope of possibilities. An education throughout information technology helps students gain general pc knowledge and also apply it to specific places inside the place of work.

Online universities offer degree distinctions within information technology through certificates to keep professionals up-to-date on the newest techniques, to a master’s level and even a new doctorate. By way of different programs students will be taught and posses a wide range of necessary skills. These kind of skills range from troubleshooting, difficulty solving, changing technology, establishing technology, pc literacy, plus more. Degree programs are numerous therefore students need to know what their particular career ambitions are just before an appropriate software can be picked. However, each program is built to give a well-rounded schooling and earning a diploma will be valuable and critical to starting up a career within the field.

Certificate programs are mainly created for by now working pros who want to gain in specialized training in anarea or want to learn how to use new technology. Introductory document programs certainly are a wise alternative for individuals who desire to make sure that work in information technology suits them. According to the certificate system selected courses can range long from six to eight to Yr.

A 4-year college degree system is a good option for individuals who are starting out in a. Courses will adequately put together students to fulfill the needs of the company or business they benefit. Courses can sometimes include instruction on the way to install, configure, and operate all the components that make up information technology facilities, networks, along with servers. Various other courses may include coaching on how to apply information technology to fulfill the specific needs of a organization. On average a bachelor’s level program can take a student four many years to complete. Many online colleges that offer this degree might have to have their college students to complete around 135 credit hours.

Several online universities offer degrees for students to carry on their education and become very skilled and proficient in information technology, permitting them to move up inside the work place. The career options upon graduation are extensive and can include positions as technical consultants, programmers, trainers, operations positions, plus much more.

Use your passion for computer systems and technologies by searching out licensed online diploma programs which match your current interests and that fit your schedule. Many amount options watch for the focused student as well as the completion of these kind of programs pledges a rewarding future.

For the latest information on technology, earning and business you would be well served by going to the following site – http://www.ptc2.com/news.

Churches and other religious institutions are not known for their immediate love of all things new and different. But is this suspicion of advancing technology down to fear or simply down to a more level-headed approach to changes in society?

Whilst some within the Church are wary of relying on such technology, many others have begun to embrace it. The fact that religious organisations don’t jump on such band wagons is a surprise to many since their beliefs dictate that they should find the best ways they can to preach the gospel and technology surely is the best way to reach large numbers of people. However, the difference is that the Church will always prefer real experiences and contact with real people. Therefore, understanding how best to reach people through means of technology is much more complicated than simply just setting up the odd Facebook page.

This makes the reasons that the Church is slow to adapt to changes in society much more clear.

They want to understand how these changes will effect or benefit them before they plunge in head first. Many churches now have their own websites and are using the virtual world more and more, but are trying not to become dependant on online communities, favouring real ones to the virtual.

However, one area that many churches are embracing whole-heartedly is Church Software. As opposed to this being a way to try to change the way they preach, most Church Software is simply designed to make the day-to-day running of the church much easier. From Church Accounting to Scheduling, the range of software available to churches is increasing every day, and rather than diverting time from focused sermons like certain technologies can, applications such as software for Church Accounting are doing the opposite and freeing up much more time to focus on what is important.

Hence, law has to undergo the process of renovation and revitalization for this end and should also have the room for accommodation of technological changes. In this context he recent Delhi High Court judgment ordering the mandatory implementation of the Conditional Access System (CAS) with in four weeks in the metros is worth a mention.

A television viewer has no say in this world of shoddy cable television service rendered to him. Infact, the exponential and unregulated growth of the cable TV penetration in the Country has heightened the need for balancing the interests of all stakeholders involved. The sordid scenario of cable operators blacking out channels, whenever dissatisfied with the rate hikes effected by the broadcasters, with least concern for the hapless consumer has been played too often. Broadcasters accuse cable TV operators of under declaring their customer base while the latter charge TV channels with increasing their rates every now and then, especially before major sports events. The customer is at the receiving and from both. His pleas for the better services at reasonable rates so far went unheeded. The passing of the Conditional Access System by the Government has kindled hopes of a better deal in the future.

However, the passing of the Television Networks Amendment Bill 2002, which authorized the government to mandate installation of an addressable system for accessing pay channels-better known as Conditional Access System (CAS), has kindled hopes of consumer, which soon extinguished because of the lethargy of the Government in implementing the Act. However, the recent Delhi High Court judgment ordering the implementation of the Conditional Access System (CAS) with in four weeks in Mumbai, New Delhi and Kolkata, the consumer will now be able to watch all channels that he chooses to watch. This judgment has shaken woke the Government from its long slumber which in our perception could prove to be a better deal in the future.

The penetration Cable TV Business in Indian households
The Cable TV Business industry has evolved into a pyramidal structure with the broadcasters-Zee, Star, Sony at the top. Below the broadcasters are the multiple system providers (MSOs) who receive the signals beamed to them by the broadcasters and distribute them to their franchisees. At the retail level are the franchisees, the neighborhood cable operators-who distribute a bouquet of free and pay channels for an all-inclusive subscription to the end consumer.

This exponential and unregulated growth of the cable TV penetration in the Country has exposed the flaws in the current system. Some of the major flaws run as:
# The subscribers have practically no choice in selecting their channels or choosing their cable operators.
# The cable operators are accused under-reporting, deliberately documenting a much lower number of subscribers than they actually. Hence there is a consequent revenue loss for the \MSOs and the broadcasters as well as the Government.
# Inaccurate data has made the revenue sharing in a fair manner difficult. According to estimates the cable operators reports just a fifth of their subscribers list to the MSO.

The Cable Television Networks Amendment Bill 2002
The Rajya Sabha has passed the Cable Television Networks Amendment Bill 2002. The Bill seeks to regulate cable operations and authorized the government to mandate installation of an addressable system for accessing pay channels-better known as Conditional Access System (CAS). The Bill had already been passed by the Lok Sabha.

#The Conditional Access System (CAS) comes into force on July 14.
# Cable operators would have to offer a minimum of 30 free-to-air television channels in the basic tier package and charge a fee of Rs 72.
# CAS would first be rolled out in the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
# The basic tier must carry three channels of Doordarshan besides other genres such as entertainment, news, sports, children’s programme and music.

Highlights of the Amendment:
# The Amendment seeks to regulate the operation of cable television networks in the country so as to bring uniformity in their operations.
# The amendment empowers the Union Government to issue a notification making it obligatory for every cable operator to show any pay channel through an addressable system only. The addressable system is mandatory only for those subscribing to pay channels, and not for viewers opting for free-to-air channels.
# The Government will fix the maximum amount, which a cable operator may charge a subscriber for receiving free free-to-air channels included in the basic service tier. This could vary from stet to state and city-to-city.
# The amendments makes it mandatory for every cable operator to submit to the central Government information on the number of total subscribers, subscription rates, and the number of subscribers receiving programmers transmitted in the basic service tier or particular programme/set of programmers transmitted on the pay channel.

The latest Delhi High Court judgment brings to the forefront the debate of voluntary or mandatory adoption of the Conditional Access System (CAS) in India? But, before analyzing whether this technology should be mandated, it is necessary to lay down a brief outline of the working of this system.

What Is Conditional Access System?
Conditional Access System (CAS) is a technology that enables television signals to be accessed by consumers through an addressable system hereby allowing the consumer to choose channels that she wishes to watch and pay for.

With the implementation of CAS, all pay channels will be routed through a set top box, which will have individual or bouquet pricing. Free-to-air channels will be delivered as a part of the basic cable TV fee, for which no STB is required. More than 65 FTA channels will be provided at a basic cable TV fee, which are Rs. 72 plus entertainment taxes. With a fixed basic service charge, consumers will then have the option to choose between different cable distribution channels, or choose between different cable distribution channels, or bouquets. The best-case scenario, from the consumer point of view, he would be paying roughly the same amount, say Rs. 200 per month now, but fewer channels of his choice with better service and hopefully- no blackouts.

Working of System – CAS is composed of a combination of scrambling and encryption technology that is designed to prevent unauthorized reception. Encryption is the process of protecting the secret keys that are transmitted with a scrambled signal that, in turn, enable the descrambler to work. The scrambler key, called the control word must, of course, be sent to the receiver in an encrypted form as an entitlement control message (ECM). The Conditional Access subsystem in the receiver will then decrypt the control word only when authorized to do so. The authority to decrypt is sent to the receiver in the form of an entitlement management message or EMM.

The layered approach is fundamental to all proprietary CA systems in use today. Typically the control word is changed at intervals of 10 seconds. The entitlement control message, sometimes also referred to as the multi-session key, is also changed, typically at monthly intervals to avoid hackers gaining access. Thus both mechanisms assure the continuous security of the CA system.

The Question Of Voluntary V. Mandatory Adoption Of CAS?
To analyze whether this technology should be mandated by the government or should be left open to the market players to be voluntarily opted for, let us start with highlighting the key problems that are required addressed for the effective implementation of the CAS.

1. Voluntary Adoption of CAS is difficult
The cable operators/ MSOs will need a set of equipment through which such television signals can be monitored for each subscriber to account for appropriate collection from them and subsequent payments to broadcasters. The cable operators/MSOs will also need to procure set-up boxes (STB) to be able to provide them to consumers for a defined price. This will require large investments from the cable operators, which the small players may not be able to afford. The consumers will need to procure a STB from their cable operator if they choose to watch pay channels that they watch today.

2. Affordability for the Average Consumer
# The consumers will have to pay a much higher fee for receiving pay channels and its choice will be restricted to only those channels made available by the cable network. The consumer will also not have the choice of watching the free-to-air channel of his choice.

#The bill also proposes to “legalize” consumers being charged differently in different areas to receive the basic service which may contain different channels as may be determined by the government.

3.Expected Consumer Response
# Consumers opting for set up boxes to access pay channels would depend on the affordability and choice factor. Pay channels would find few-takers if majority of consumers perceive them as exorbitantly priced. The problem of major broadcasters like Star, Zee, Sony not pricing channels individually and making them available in bouquet form still exists.

# A subscriber wanting Zee TV only ha to pay for the entire networking bouquet consisting of ZEE English, ZEE Cinema, ZEE MGM, etc.

II. Positives of CAS
It is important to clear the misunderstanding that it is mandatory to purchase a set-top box with the introduction of CAS. The customer can view all the free-to-air channels (60 channels) at Rs 72 plus taxes. However if he wishes to watch pay channels, then he will have to install the STB which will be available for a refundable deposit of Rs 999 and rental at the rate of Re 1 per day. Also some installment schemes are being worked out by the MSOs. A STB is even required for pay channels in DTH.

#There are many pay channels entering the foray every single day and each consumer has to pay even for all channels that he does not view. But with CAS, the consumer can easily budget is entertaining expenses and also view programme in the order of his preference, genre, favourites, etc. He will also have the option of value-added services.

#The Government has the power to fix the maximum that cable operator’s can charge for viewing the free-to-air channels in what is called a basic tier.

# CAS will put place a more accurate system of date collection, the actual viewreship and its distribution over the different channels. This is of immense utility to the advisers, their clients as well as the telecasters.

# Broadcasters of so-called premium channels often claim huge popularity and viewership as a justification for charging huge rates from the advertisers for their programmes. With the installation of set-up-boxes their true viewership figures will come into the open, which would be helpful in assessing the actual popularity of pay channels. This is important for them while negotiating rates for advertising slots.

#With CAS Consumers can hope for a better deal- Leading MSOs — Hathway, In Cable and Siticable — said CAS is useful for all stakeholders, including broadcasters, cable operators and end consumers. Multi-System Operators [MSOs] said that they are ready to roll out Conditional access system for cable broadcasting in the four metros. CAS would also bring in addressability, solving the never ending feud between cable operators and broadcasters on under-declaration of subscribers and provide a clear indication of numbers for pay channels chosen and viewed by customers.

The LCOs, being the front-end dealer with the consumer, face the flak for television blackouts and are also at the receiving end from the broadcasters. CAS will eliminate all this. CAS would also enable the cable industry to become more organized, healthy, and uniform and hence less fragmented. Thus increasing transparency in the distribution and exposing certain myths in the viewer ship patterns. CAS also brings in numerous technological benefits such as capacity up to 1000 channels, MSOPS like Hathway and SCV have already rolled out CAS in Chennai very successfully and also promoted their digital cable TV services in other markets.

III. Media Generated Myths Creating Uncertainty about CAS
The government notification issued on 15 Jan 2003 mandated use of CAS by MSOs and cable operators within six months by 14 July 2003. This has triggered misinformation, myths and negative press stories that have the potential to derail the process. The main myths and misinformation about CAS are:

#CAS is a crackpot scheme by the government – 90 per cent of the world cable market where it is deployed agrees that CAS is essential and is the only solution to an organized cable industry.
#Operator’s resort to massive under- reporting- In the absence of CAS is required to curb ‘under-reporting’ their subscriber base; and broadcasters demanding payment from all homes resulting in a stand off.
#6.7 million Boxes will be required- The reliance should not be on exaggerated estimates rather experiences in other countries might prove to be useful in this regard. It took other developed markets like the US and Europe over a decade to achieve one third of this level. They did not have the problems of low purchasing power. Further there would be no need for all homes to buy a box if the free to air/basic tier gets more attractive with many more channels and perhaps some ‘pay’ channels may also become free.
#Boxes will cost Rs 7000; cheaper boxes are easily hackable- The box manufacturers out here are the same top companies, which cater to the world market. Nearly 77 per cent of homes in leading cable markets like the US still rely on low-cost analogue technology. It’s again a myth that all analog systems are easy to pirate. Box costs vary from Rs 2750 (analogue) to Rs 5000 (digital).
#The subscribers’ monthly bills will not go down- Competition took average cable rates from Rs 100 to a just Rs 157 over a decade- a 57% increase when pay channel costs shot up over 500 per cent in the same period. Post CAS, there is no reason why the pay channel rates as well as the basic tier rates will not go down too because of competition. Thus if a channel’s product and rate are not in line with competition and market realities, it will not survive. CAS brings in a market mechanism, which did not exist earlier.
#Even broadcasters are not keen on CAS- The broadcasters will now have a system paid for by operators and subscribers that better controls their revenues and can reduce piracy (‘under reporting’) by over 90 per cent.
#Nowhere in the world has CAS rolled out so quickly- Neither had many parts of the world started without regulations and exclusive operating licenses. If cable had started like cellular phones or basic telecom, CAS would have come in long before a government mandate. The government is on the right track and any delay will only postpone the inevitable.

The Worst Case Scenario- When both operators and broadcasters see that there is no roll back and yet there is a shortage of boxes, they will be forced to work together and cut deals to ensure a faster roll out. Broadcasters will provide their signals on the free to air tier for a limited period against the operator/MSOs assurance to order more boxes. They would then work together to meet subscription targets within a specified period after which the channels would revert back to the pay mode. This would be a win-win situation for both of them, and would help manage the interim shortage.

IV. The DTH Angle
The debate on CAS has overshadowed the introduction of direct to home television service. In the long run consumers will have to make a choice between CAS and DTH. A comparative analysis of the two systems may prove to be helpful in assessing the advantages and disadvantages of the two:

Though DTH does not require the services of the LOC’s who remain indispensable in case of CAS, however DTH is costlier in terms of installation costs for the subscriber and companies have to pay 10% revenue share to the government unlike CAS. Further the technology for DTH has been stipulated which would ensure the working of DTH set-top box as before in case of shifting from one city to another unlike CAS. Instead of taking this technology neutrality as a disadvantage of CAS, the brighter side of CAS should be seen because the government, in accordance with the technological advancements, may always prescribe the technology for decoding and subscription management system for CAS. This flexibility would also offer more choices to the consumer also.

Conclusion And Suggestions:
We would like to conclude this article by saying that the mandatory implementation of CAS is certainly going to cause an initial discomfort to each of the players in the value chain and accordingly the likelihood of this system to work voluntarily seems difficult. The fact that a couple of years have already passed since the last time CAS was introduced, bears testimony to this reality. However, it is by no means easy to either rationalize or satisfy the concerns of all segments. This is an inevitable task and the government’s demand to ask for more time to find a solution for smooth transition seems justified. What remains to be seen is how within a limited time the government deals with this complex issue in a manner, which is fair to all.

Findings and Suggestions:
# The government should decide to manufacture Set-Top-Boxes locally rather than their imports-This issue also arose after the passing of the Cable Television Networks Amendment Bill 2002 was whether the Set Top Box (STB) should be imported to meet the immediate demand after the mandatory implementation of CAS or they should be manufactured locally. The Minister for consumer affairs Naren De also brought up this issue earlier in 2003. It was urged that local manufacture of STB’s would encourage domestic manufacturers as well as generate jobs.

# Variable pricing of the channels- Channels could be priced differently across cities, as per the local demands. The government’s decision to allow channels to opt for variable pricing had also caused some initial uneasiness among various consumer groups. But from the legal standpoint, variable pricing is not illegal. However the same channel should not be priced differently within a city.

# Refrain from amendment-The Government should abstain from amending the law in order to by pass the judgment.

In the past decade, there were two offers rates up to Mbps modem rate of new technology 11 CableModem and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Modem. CableModem in the hybrid fiber / coaxial network ( HFC ) To achieve up to 10Mbh / s data transmission, while the ADSLModem is the twisted-pair cable up to 6Mbit / s data transfer, the two technologies in the Internet access network Video on Demand (VOD), video conferencing, distance learning and other areas has a broad market.

1 Comparison of basic skills Typical CableModem the transmission lines of the spectrum is divided into 2, that is 5? 50MHz and 50MHz uplink channel above (other than the analog TV channel) and downlink channels. CableModems analog frequency division multiplexing is based on the application of integrated analog and digital transmission technology, optical fiber Coaxial cable Technology and RF technology, realized in the 5? 750MHz analog TV signals simultaneously transmitted and digital signals, while the use of commercial efficiency of 64QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) technology, downlink channel rate up to 30Mbit / d.

CableModem the transmission rate and transmission distance has nothing to do with the fiber itself, the noise and the number of users simultaneously access the.

ADSL transmission feed line to the spectrum is divided into 3, the low band transmit ordinary telephone service (POTS); the middle band digital channels for the uplink, the maximum transmission rate of 384kbit / s for control information; the other digital channels for the downlink transmission 6Mbit / s of digital information. ADSL technology uses two modulation schemes: CAP (no carrier amplitude modulation) and DMT (discrete multi-tone modulation).

CAP approach is a two-dimensional manner similar to sending program QAM, DMT modulation is a form of multicarrier modulation. DMT is the available bandwidth is divided into N-sub-channel, send data according to sub-channel capacity, the data dynamically allocated to each subchannel, so that bandwidth utilization is increased, to minimize error and noise, thus enhancing the transmission capacity. In addition, ADSL using adaptive filtering of new technologies, grid codes and interleaving FEC methods to overcome the Gaussian noise interference, increased channel capacity, for the first time using asymmetric echo cancellation (echocancellation) to eliminate back wave. However, the transmission rate by ADSL transmission limit, long-distance transmission rate of no more than 1.5Mbit / s.

2 basic network structure 2.1CableModems system structure CableModem in the HFC network, while the HFC network is part of the use of fiber optic transmission lines, wiring, and access line some full use of existing CATV coaxial cable network to provide Broadband Access. Each network will provide online access to up to 100 users, each line must be set in two-way Amplifiers To support the uplink channel, in each client to install a CableModem, in Front-end equipment To install an IP router in, it is noteworthy that the coaxial cable network can be used as a data concentrator, to avoid over-concentration of the use of routers, in some cases, front-end devices and can be placed on high-speed buffer Proxy Data server to ease the congestion. Use of HFC broadband access network enables telecommunications network, CATV network and data network Triple play .

2.2ADSL network structure

(L) SKIP (starterkitInternetplatform) network structure shown in Figure 2, SKIP relatively simple network structure, in each central office to set up a router and a network switching device and ATU-C (ADSL transceiver), network switching devices will focus on access lines and enter the router unified operation.

Engineering and technical developments are everyone’s concern, as they will not be confined to industry, university classrooms, and R&D labs. Instead, they will make a tremendous difference in our day-to-day lives. Here I will attempt to identify some of the technologies that will revolutionize our lives and our values in the coming years.

1. Quantum Computers
Unlike current PCs, quantum computers will have switches that can be in an on or off state simultaneously. The mechanism that will make this possible is known as superposition, and the switches are referred to as quantum bits. The system will make quantum computers operate very fast. A basic quantum computer is likely to be operational by 2020.

2. Programmable Matter
Scientists are in the midst of creating a substance that can take a specific shape to perform a specific task. The substance is known as claytronics, and it consists of catoms. Individual catoms are programmed to move in three dimensions and position themselves so that they assume different shapes. This technology is likely to have numerous applications ranging from medical use to 3D physical rendering. It may take around two decades to become a reality.

3. Terascale Computing
Techies are working on a project that would make our PCs able to contain tens to hundreds of parallel working cores. The device will have the capability to process huge amounts of information. To create this technology, Intel is exploring the possibility of using nanotechnology and allowing for billions of transistors.

4. Repliee Robots
Repliee is one of the most advanced life-like robots ever created. Repliee, an android, is covered with a substance which is very similar to human skin. Sensors placed inside the robot control its movements and enable it to respond to its environment. Astonishingly, the robot can flutter its eyelids and replicate breathing. Repliee operates best in a static condition.

5. Organic Computers
To further advance the computing realm, techies need to create a hybrid CPU that is silicon based but contains organic parts as well. The most promising progress in information processing concerns a neurochip that places organic neurons onto a network of silicon or other materials. Future computers will be able to bridge the silicon and organic spheres to utilize processors that incorporate both of these elements.

6. “Spray-On” Nanocomputers
The “spray-on” nanocomputer would consist of particles that can be sprayed onto a patient. It would monitor the patient’s medical condition and communicate wirelessly to other machines.

7. Carrier Ethernet
Carrier Ethernet is a business service/access technology. It can serve as a transport method for both business and residential service. Ethernet will dominate the metro space in the future and will slowly displace SONET/SDH over the next 10 to 20 years.

Development sustains life. However, techies cannot afford to forget that technological advancement will remain inadequate in the absence of contributions from all branches of knowledge and will not flourish if it does not benefit society.

As the security industry, technology, medicine and flexible security technology is also in constant progress and development.  Anti-counterfeiting technology is a cross-edge disciplines, in optics, chemistry, physics, electromagnetics, computer technology, spectroscopy, Printing Technology, Digital Printing Technology, packaging technology and other areas. In the past, China’s anti-counterfeiting technology is only limited to government, banks, Customs, Tax, economic, and social public security departments, for Make Passports, documents, currency and negotiable securities. Now, with the Market economy And the rapid development of commodity production, trade marks and logo printing, product packaging are becoming increasingly high grade trends and safety of exquisite technology (requires a security feature). Particularly alcohol and tobacco, Beverages, Drugs, Health Products, Condiments, Cosmetic, CD-ROM products, cleaning supplies and commodities such as labeling and packaging used more and more anti-counterfeiting technology.

China’s pharmaceutical packaging anti-counterfeiting technology late start, many anti-counterfeiting technology in the pharmaceutical industry in the application of flexible packaging are not many, species are very poor, now the main production of flexible packaging industry are simple and easy identification of anti-counterfeiting technology, however, the security industry with the technology development, pharmaceutical flexible packaging anti-counterfeiting technology is also in constant progress.

Pharmaceutical flexible packaging in China the applications of security technology Our most Pharmaceutical Packaging Security is very simple, but rather out Box Bag labeled anti-counterfeiting Label Directly in contact with the pharmaceutical application of flexible packaging material anti-counterfeiting technology less useful to the also homogeneous, without any security at all, and pharmaceutical manufacturing and printing of packaging boxes are relatively simple, this objective provides for the counterfeiters convenience. Security features, and not easy to be expensive imitation of packaging materials, together with the packaging of the security awareness of people is not strong, resulting in the Chinese pharmaceutical market, security is not optimistic the use of flexible packaging materials, especially the poor economic very few domestic enterprises to use such packaging, most of them are good economic returns of domestic enterprises and foreign pharmaceutical companies in the use of such anti-counterfeiting materials. Low performance security package pharmaceutical flexible packaging material in China certain share of the market, they have low Competition To high-tech, high-performance security products difficult situation, the development of China’s pharmaceutical flexible packaging anti-counterfeiting technology and therefore slow. And because security is a new technology, many do not understand the pharmaceutical industry’s customers are often less susceptible to these seemingly novel properties of pharmaceutical packaging products deceive security, coupled with some of the security material manufacturers boast, and with low price as bait, makes use of some anti-counterfeiting technology with vision and enthusiasm of enterprises cheated. It is worth mentioning that this low level of anti-counterfeit labels and can easily be copied, in a very short period of time to be counterfeit, Fake To even more powerful legal shield, resulting in people often are in real money can not buy drugs embarrassment, there have been many fake drugs led to the use of exacerbations or death case, manufacturers spend money to do it more by fake security signs of harm.

Pharmaceutical flexible packaging material of the type of security and usagePharmaceutical flexible packaging industry applications of anti-counterfeiting technology, and not just simply use a certain technology in the printing, but a comprehensive security system in anti-counterfeiting technology Consumables And software providers to help establish a set of the anti-counterfeiting technologies, testing methods and means of management and use of the composition of the system integration in order to effectively prevent the spread of technology. Overall, the pharmaceutical packaging process used by most companies is almost, but each in the actual printing process design and used a unique anti-counterfeiting methods, the present pharmaceutical flexible packaging mainly by way of security processes to manufacture flexible packaging materials can be divided the following. Prepress design security

Forms of Teaching with Technology

Technology is interwoven in all our lives to such an extent that teaching with technology is no longer a matter of choice. The choice lies more in the form of technology a teacher uses and the extent to which technology is integrated into a teacher’s lesson plan. Everything from email to creating a website is in the realm of using technology and they take different levels of teacher confidence. Given that today’s students are computer literate, often even before they have their basic reading and writing skills solidified, it is worthwhile for a teacher to acquire the skill sets needed to deal with the tech-savvy generation.

Luckily it is not that hard to find ways to introduce technology into the classroom. As we know, everything from a video to an Internet hooked-up Black Board or Smart Board is technology. In the younger classes these can be used to supplement the information being given verbally or through worksheets. A first grader acquiring vocabulary skills while reading Roald Dahl’s ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’ will appreciate watching the ‘Willie Wonka’ movie at the end of the term with his or her friends. The Internet added Smart Board is a great way to have impromptu virtual field trips and it can be a great asset when talking about map skills.

As the grade level get higher, technology can help make the classroom more interactive and can help the teacher forge good relationships with the students. A power point presentation about cell division or a documentary about Martin Luther King, Jr. will add something to the classroom atmosphere. These are tools that can draw in even the most distracted students. A generation geared toward electronics is likely to relate to these more than just to the text book or an oral lecture.

If a teacher is yet to gain confidence with these forms of technology, email is a great way to dip one’s foot in this new set of teachers’ resources. Allowing students the option to contact a teacher by email may encourage students to ask questions in a quieter setting. It can lead to sharing of links and other information that can strengthen study skills. Teachers who try this find that something as simple as a new way of establishing communication can increase communication considerably.

Another way in which to engage with students without too much additional effort is to create a website – the teacher can upload information and links that is relevant for a group of students and make this information available at all times to address the needs of students who have missed a class or have inadequate notes. Once the teacher feels more technologically comfortable, they can consider adding podcasts of lectures also. This may all be more relevant in higher grades, of course.

Teachers can also encourage their students to create a website and share their portfolio of work. These new models of expressing themselves and finding a public voice can be a big boost to a young writer or artist. In this sense a portfolio on a website is like getting published in the school newspaper and the nature of the Web allows for every child to be allowed publication.

Teaching is ultimately a sharing of information and knowledge and all the available technology is a tool for facilitating communication. So, technology is an incredibly powerful teacher’s aid.

There is a need of development for Holistic Approaches to Information Technology, a course offered by the department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning at the educational Institutes for Studies in Education. 

By now you might be wondering “what is e-Teaching?” E-teaching is another term used to describe the incorporation of technology into teaching practices. Often, e-teaching refers specifically to Internet-based teaching strategies, but we have chosen to focus on 4 very different forms that technology can take in the modern classroom. It is important for teachers to learn more about the various types of technologies that can be used to enhance classroom instruction. The majority of young people in Canada today have grown up surrounded by the fast-paced environment that having technology at their fingertips brings; thus, using the technology that students know and love in our teaching may help keep students engaged and interested in course content. 

“There are definitely some teachers who have been identified as real [technological] pros; they’re just so technically savvy that they’re the leaders. They’re helping the administration, they help the kids… there’s definitely an identification of who’s really good at it on the faculty as well as in the student body.”

We believe that using technology in the classroom is a positive move. By teaching with technology, we can provide students with greater opportunities for collaboration and peer support, we can help students to develop smart and safe strategies for using technology in their future educational and professional careers, we can appeal to students’ multiple intelligences by providing information and learning opportunities in new and exciting ways, and we can provide students with exciting, interactive, inclusive classroom experiences that may not have been possible in the past.

A Virtual Classroom is a private online meeting space for synchronous (real-time) learning activities. Virtual Classrooms typically include some or all of the following elements:

text chat- People can type what they would like others to see in real time

shared whiteboard- A blank screen where people can share information, write comments, and draw pictures in real time.

presentation capability- Instructors have multiple options for presentation of content from audio/video/multimedia lectures, to self guided power points

audio- People can share information with a microphone and speakers
polling or survey tools- The ability to take a survey and publish the results possibly on the white board

breakout rooms- A way of breaking the session into or more sub rooms where people can listen to a guest speaker, ask questions, or just interact in a smaller setting.

web tours- Using tools included in many virtual classroom programs people can be taken on a virtual tour of a webpage or project through sharing of a program.

Teachers use technology

to search for background information and content material.

to gain new ideas and resources already available online.

to bring concepts alive through multimedia.

to have new opportunities to differentiate instruction.

as a source for lesson plans.

as a way to communicate and to collaborate.

as a source of needed “tools.”

to keep informed

Students use technology

to search for information.

to play games and to enter contests.

to publish and share.

to practice what they have learned.

to further explore topics or ideas.

to interact and be actively engaged in order to learn.

to learn through directed research and projects.

to “show what they know” in new and exciting ways.

There are a variety of different types of activities that can be found in a virtual classroom. There are several types of activities that can occur within the virtual classroom environment. Generally these topics can be split into two different categories, unsupervised activities and teacher led sessions.

*************************SHIVASHANKAR  V. JIRLI

 Technology intervention in Organization Development

The Internet, email, and Web conferencing tools have created the capacity for collaborating across time and space both within and between organizations. Just as technology has transformed the organizational environment, it’s also transforming the field of Organization Development (OD).

Currently, there are three widely recognized applications of technology in OD:

1. Quantitative, database assessment tools, such as employee surveys and 360-degree feedback

2.Communications and teamwork, including document management and information sharing

3. Management and employee development, including online training.

 OD practitioners increasingly use technology in their work every day. But, whereas most technologies applied to OD are used for one-way communication, data collection, or individual mentoring or training, we need new generation of interventions that use technology to facilitate “whole system” collaboration and organizational change.

Evolution of new Technologies

Currently, technologies are available that extend beyond normal correspondence and simple data collection to facilitate online collaboration, community building, collaborative learning, and the sharing of best practices on a global scale. New uses for such emerging technologies by OD practitioners hold the promise of becoming an integral part of the dynamic organizational change process itself.

 The evolution of collaborative technologies such as portals, online discussion groups, real-time chat and webcasts (transmission of linear audio or video content over the Internet) have provided valuable capabilities that promote the organization development mission of whole system collaboration.

Portal technology offers a wide variety of tools for the OD professionals to promote increased organizational effectiveness, enable open communication and knowledge sharing and deliver multi-dimensional organizational change efforts. Properly implemented portals knit together disparate business applications and, in effect, present a composite application tailored to the role of the user in the organization. By presenting business tools, data and content to users via an easy-to-use, personalized interface, portals support the primary OD goals of increased organizational effectiveness and performance. Used in combination with content management systems, portals also become valuable communication and knowledge-sharing vehicles by presenting online content filtered by the language, geography or role of the user. Best practices, compliance information and strategic content can be pushed simultaneously to geographically diverse internal and external (customers, partners, suppliers) audiences. The top portal vendors also integrate search capability into their products, allowing users to search for the content that meets their needs. Prior to the advent of portal technologies, organizations were restricted to a “one size fits all” approach to pushing applications and content to employees. Portals allow the creation of a user experience that is tailored to the employee’s demographics.

Online discussion groups, weblogs offer users the ability to post questions, comments and general information at a central online location. These types of forums are particularly well suited for the ongoing, system-wide communication required during large organizational change efforts. Typically, these discussion forums are created to focus on topics related to specific training programs, practice areas or operational best practices. The questions or comments posted can be directed toward specific experts, facilitators or to the general group membership, creating an open, collaborative process.These online discussions can take place over a period of weeks rather than minutes. The content of the discussions can be made searchable and becomes part of the organization’s knowledge base for future reference. When delivered through portal technology, links to specific discussion forums can be made available to individuals based on their demographics.

Instant messaging and online chats offer organizations a much more immediate form of real-time collaboration than asynchronous online discussion groups. Most enterprise instant messaging applications now allow users to form real-time instant group chats by pulling multiple users into an online discussion as needed. Users can also share content (documents, slides, graphics) during their chats to facilitate understanding. Instant messaging technology is particularly useful when immediate information exchange is required (customer service, call center, etc.) by a small number of users.

For larger audiences, scheduled online chats are effective vehicles for mass interactive communication. Executives and subject-matter experts can communicate to mass audiences and answer questions on the fly regardless of geography through scheduled chat sessions. Participation in the chats is usually voluntary and users also have the ability to join the chats anonymously, which promotes open, informal and candid discussion. Online chat sessions are increasingly being used in OD efforts that involve large-scale organizational change and require frequent mass communication. The contents of both instant message sessions and scheduled online chats can be saved and made searchable for future reference. Prior to these chat technologies, interactive conversations would require conference calls, real-time office visits and herding masses of people into meeting rooms for live face-to-face dialogue. Although the online collaborative applications have not replaced more traditional live meetings, they have presented viable alternatives that augment the efforts of OD professionals and lead to increased organizational effectiveness.

Webcasts and Podcasts are examples of Online audio/video technologies becoming mainstream tools OD professionals use to disseminate information quickly and efficiently. Live training or informational events are often shared organization-wide via webcasts and recorded for later use. Audio or video combined with many of the newer e-learning authoring tools allows other content (slides, text, graphics) to be displayed along with the video or audio for a media-rich user experience. The newest of the online audio/video technologies are podcasts, which combine the standard recorded webcast with “publish/subscribe” functionality. Publish/subscribe functionality allows the user to subscribe to specific subject areas and have the content automatically pushed to their computer or MP3 player whenever new content is available. The user can then view or listen to the content whenever his or her schedule allows. Although podcasts are not yet widely used in organizational communication, their popularity in the public domain is a glimpse of the potential of this evolving medium. Previous to the use of the online audio/video technologies, organizations would distribute videotaped content via mail to all their far-flung locations. Employees would view the video individually or congregate in meeting rooms to watch the video presentations.

Benefits

OD approaches that embrace technology as an integrated component of the strategic change process itself can

 enable whole system participation.

With hurdles like travel costs and time zone issues greatly lessened through technology, bringing the whole organizational system into the room–employees, partners, customers, and so forth is made possible. Ideas, opinions and issues from all stakeholder groups can be shared and considered in a collective forum virtually and in connection with face-to-face meetings.

rapidly align dispersed stakeholders.

Creating alignment between stakeholders who are located across the country or the globe can take months or years. By blending face-to-face participation with an inclusive virtual participation process, stakeholders can be brought together in productive ways that decrease the time it takes to reach an agreement.

accelerate organizational readiness.

Inviting the whole system to participate in the change process enhances communication, fosters buy-in and establishes a level of readiness for change that traditional communications plans cannot easily achieve.

produce higher quality strategies and plans.

Through obtaining direct input from both a horizontal and vertical slice of the organization, as well as partners, customers, and other stakeholder groups, more robust ideas and work products can be produced.

foster collaborative learning and knowledge sharing.

By linking together stakeholders that would not otherwise connect and communicate, it becomes possible to harness learning and knowledge in ways that surface and diffuse best practices, which leads to a greater capacity for innovation and organizational agility.

 Getting started 

Integrating technology into OD interventions can open the door to new opportunities for engaging teams, workgroups, organizations, partners, and customers in collaborative change processes. But where do you start? Here are some tips that may help. 

Assess the need.

Determine if the needed intervention would be advanced through engaging stakeholders that cannot be in the room.

Determine readiness.

To be successful, an organization must embrace the potential value of using technology to support the process. Determine the readiness of the client system to explore new ways of working.

Gauge the fit.

Select technologies that fit the desired intervention. Know when you’re looking for divergent vs. convergent thinking, qualitative vs. quantitative input, individual vs. group contributions, and so on, and choose the tools that support the lifecycle stage of the process.

Make the business case.

While there are costs associated with applying technology, using technology can also reduce travel costs, save time, and accelerate the change process. Defining the ROI (return-on-investment) of using technology helps garner support for new approaches.

Define integration points.

OD interventions that involve technology also typically include face-to-face meetings. Look for ways to use technology prior to, during, and after meetings to support group and organizational goals.

Engage the early adopters.

Identify individuals who are predisposed to embrace technology as part of the process in order to create early wins that create proof points for the new approach.

Tell success stories.

Even small successes can be used as stories to energize the organization and inspire others to participate through the new tools and approaches.

Technology in OD is here to stay. More and more, OD interventions will include collaborative technology as a core enabler of the change process. As OD practitioners apply these tools to their work, especially when they enable whole system change, new expectations within organizations are established. Once people experience the possibilities associated with incorporating the voices of a larger collective in ways that increase participation, accelerate change, and deliver higher quality results, the value of these collaborative technologies are established and the organization’s desired future draws nearer.

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            The World War Two era was a time of change. There were many technological advancements during this time. These advances can be categorized into three categories. They are weapon advances, vehicle advances, and strategic advances. This technology would change the face of war forever.

            The first category, weapon advances, is a very important category. Leading up to the war, weapons were changing constantly. Weapons of World War One were out of date. They were becoming more accurate, and capable of longer ranges. In World War One, the average soldier carried a bolt action rifle. Bolt action rifles are accurate; however, they take a while to reload. After each shot, you have to reload. This would not work in World War Two. By World War Two, the average soldier would either carry a semi-automatic rifle or a machine gun of some sort. This would prove to cause bloodier battles with more casualties and injuries. The primitive machine guns of World War One were made faster, more accurate, smaller in size and lighter to carry.  Small explosives, such as grenades, were made more deadly and reliable. Anti-tank weapons were not well developed during the start of the war. Germany’s blitzkrieg attack of tanks was so successful because of this. Anti tank weapons had to be made to prevent Germany from winning the war. Soldiers began carrying high powered rifles with armor piercing bullets and bazooka’s, which did work. Some anti tank guns were carried behind other vehicles. These became very effective against tanks. Torpedoes became more effective. Now they could be accurately aimed and used in shallow water. The basic German flamethrower of World War One was developed into a more deadly weapon. These advancements in weapon technology changed warfare forever.

            The second group of advances is vehicle advances. This category can be broken down into a few sub-categories. They are ground vehicles, ships, and aircraft. This category of technology was one of the most important influences of the war.

 First, we will discuss ground vehicle advances. The Jeep was invented in World War Two. It was used as basic transportation for troops. After the war, the Jeep became more popular and was then used as a production vehicle for the public. Tanks of World War One were very primitive and very ineffective. In World War Two, the tank was one of the most important vehicles used. Leading up to World War Two, tanks were made more powerful, faster, lighter, and stronger. Tank warfare was very important in World War Two. All countries involved in the war were producing their own models of tanks. By the end of the war, the Allies had developed a new kind of tank. It had no big guns on it. It was a troop transportation vehicle that was heavily armored. Transportation vehicles were very important in the war. Without transportation, there is no efficient way to move troops. All of these vehicles were very important in the history of war.

The next group of vehicles is the ships. Naval technology was very primitive prior to this time. The radar was a breakthrough in navigation and enemy detection. However, the radar was new technology, having been invented only a few years prior to the start of World War Two Ships were being equipped with better weapons. Submarines were still very primitive at this time. Many submarine crews died because they got lost at sea. Aircraft carriers were very effective. The Germans developed rocket propulsion, which made long range missiles a threat. Sonar had just been developed. Naval technology was changing quickly during this time.

The third group of technological advances is in aircraft. Aviation is very new at this point in time. The first powered flight had taken place in 1903, just forty years before World War Two.  By World War One, biplanes were the most common type of aircraft. Just after World War One, airplane designers saw that they could make planes much more efficient. By World War Two, biplanes were not as common, but they were still used. Aircraft became stronger, lighter, and more efficient. This allowed them to carry weapons, also allowing them to perform like they needed to in war. There were many types of World War Two aircraft. The first were fighters. Fighters were single engine aircraft that were usually equipped with a machine gun on the front. They only carried one or two pilots. This was the most used aircraft in the war. Fighter jets were not developed until the very end of the war, even until after the war. The second kind of aircraft is the bomber. Bombers were not very effective of until World War Two. They were small, so they couldn’t carry big bombs. Also, they didn’t have long range capabilities, which made them unattractive during battle planning. Commercial aircraft at this time were relatively new. Commercial jets were also new, but they were also small. The goal was to get an extremely large and heavy plane, carrying explosives, to fly long distances, deep into enemy territory. The bombers developed were the largest planes ever made up to this point, which is amazing in itself. Engines were made much more powerful and lighter. The aircraft itself was made lighter as well. Bombers were unpressurized at this time. This was a problem because bombers had to fly higher than ever before. This posed a potential health and safety hazard. In 1938, ten aircraft had been pressurized prior to the war. Germany had developed the concept in 1931. America had developed this concept in 1937. This new technology was needed for high altitude flight. The American B-29 Superfortress was the first pressurized bomber. This type of aircraft was the most advanced of its time. It was very unbelievable. Not only was it pressurized, but it also had a fire control system and remote machine gun turrets. The Superfortress was the primary American bomber of World War Two. It was the kind of plane that carried the atomic bombs dropped in Japan. 3,960 B-29’s were made. In the early 1960’s, the aircraft was finally retired after years of service. The B-29 Superfortress was a breakthrough in aviation technology. Aviation navigation was also very primitive in World War Two. Pilots used basic equipment to find their way around. Aircraft carriers were hard to find in the middle of the ocean. This is where the radar was put into good use. Near the end of the war, the first jets were produced. These new jets were unreliable and not used until after the war.

The last kind of technological advancements is strategic advances. Officers were better trained than ever before. They had to keep up with technology, in hopes to be better than the enemy. Once again, the radar made a huge impact in warfare. It better prepared militaries during defense by giving them some warning. This category is similar to weapon technology. The Manhattan Project was coming to a close near the end of the war. The development of the atomic bomb was one of the most important developments in military history. The United States dropped this new atomic bomb devastated the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which was a major factor that ended the war.

Now, we will discuss the influence of technology in World War Two. Technology isn’t worth anything until it is put into action. Many battles would have had different outcomes without technology. Even the war could have had a different outcome if this technology had never existed.

First of all, technology has its flaws. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States had the radar in use. The radar was very new at this time. When the Japanese were on the way, the radar noticed something. They didn’t know what was being picked up on radar, but they knew it was something big. They assumed it was a U.S. bombing fleet returning from a bombing run. Well, everyone knows the outcome. This technological flaw cost the U.S. much more than 8 ships and 188 aircraft, it cost 2,402 lives. Most of these men were under the age of twenty.

Technology effected the war positively too. The U.S. developed a method to make synthetic rubber. Up to this point, all rubber products were made of natural rubber. Since natural rubber is harvested mainly in the south Pacific, the Japanese had cut rubber supply off to the U.S. The development of synthetic rubber allowed the U.S. to mass produce tires for military vehicles. Without tires, there are no vehicles. With no vehicles, there is no way to fight the war effectively. That is a pretty big influence.

Another big technological influence in World War Two was with aircraft. Before this time, a pilot had to rely on his compass and knowledge to navigate from airport to airport. With the rise of the aircraft carrier, a problem arose. This was a big problem. How would a pilot find a moving aircraft carrier in the middle of the ocean? This problem was quickly solved. Aircraft carriers would be equipped with some special navigational equipment, called a VOR. VOR stands for Very high frequency Omni directional Range. Simply put, the VOR would send information to pilots. This information was sent to the Allied airplanes, and only the Allied airplanes. This information could be translated into directions to find the carrier. Without this technology, just think about how many planes would have just run out of fuel in attempt to find the carrier. This technology changed flight forever.

Things like the microwave, plastics, and the computer were developed in the 1940’s. The first successful helicopter flight also took place in 1940. The radio was also very new at this time. The first electron microscope was developed in the 1940’s. World War Two was not just a time of military technology change. Technology in all areas changed rapidly.

Technology advances of World War Two were great. These advances were very influential, not only during the war, but in the future ideas and developments of technology. Many things can be accredited to World War Two technology. These advances probably changed the outcome of World War Two, but they also changed warfare forever.