Our Society is Being Transformed by the power of technology and global competition pose as Oblinger and Maruyama (cited Cerda, 2002), all of Which results in new Demands from Society Must meet.
In This sense, distance education as a process trainer and Generating New Ways to Adapt to These Changes, you have an active role by Providing tools and skills to guarantee the access to the Population form of learning and relevant work, Appropriate and responsive to the Characteristics of our time. Distance education (distance learning? Largely meets the new social, cultural and cognitive society. Distance education (distance learning? Largely meets the new social, cultural and cognitive Society.
This paper first presents a synthesis of the main Aspects That must be taken Into account and Consider When Designing and Implementing a distance education program. For this is a brief conceptual definition to give way later to a cluster of policies that give guidelines and propose concrete solutions and actions at the macro and micro level and classroom management. For this is a brief conceptual definition to give way later to a cluster of Policies That give guidelines and Propose concrete solutions and actions at the macro and micro level and classroom management. Some of these strategies are based on references and others are the result of personal reflection and observation of my educational environment. Some of These Strategies are based on references and Others are the result of reflection and observation of staff my Educational environment.
The second part of the work we face the challenge of showing and pointing a definition of a distance education theory, arisen from the Which research and Theoretical Contributions from Recognized Experts in the field of distance education.
Finally, it Should Be Noted The Importance of raising a theory in the area since it Provides a framework, Approved concepts, Proposed guidelines based on Constructs and Evidence, Supporting the relevance or THUS Otherwise design of a project or when to Implementing a distance learning program.
Education Policy Brief Definition Element

This stage 1 Preparation Course Involves Various Activities Such as the approach of the Objectives of the course, teachers Have A Means of communication, forms of Assessment and Methodology, Among Others. Use the model of instructional design based on behaviorism, as pointed out by Cerda (2002). Use the model of instructional design based on behaviorism, as Pointed out by Cerda (2002).
They are distinguished, According To Moore and Kearly (cited Cerda, 2002) five
Phase 1) Analysis 2) Design 3) Development Status 4) Implementation 5) Evaluation
The first action required is to analyze, market research and Delivers Through research data of the area, Feasibility and technical design of the curricula and other aspects. That is, we should analyze the sustainability of remote program before implementing it. That is, we analyze the sustainability of Should program Before Implementing remote it. It is also necessary to create strategies to implement distance courses carefully. It is NECESSARY to create Also Implement Strategies to distance courses carefully. This preparation requires, according to Moore and Kearsley (quoted in Cerda, 2002) provide study guides that somehow compensate for the absence of face to face interaction between teacher and student. This preparation requires, According To Moore and Kearsley (quoted in Cerda, 2002) Provide study guides That Compensate for the Absence somehow face to face interaction of teacher and student entre.
Would An Effective policy distance learning courses prepare These With The Help of Experts in the field, so I That Deliver Knowledge or teachers together and ask yourself That the Objectives, Methodology and how to use evaluation Indicate more relevant. In this regard it is interesting to note that Moore raises (quoted in Laidlaw, 2003) quad says that “education is not an individual job, but a team of specialists in curriculum specialists who work experts, experts in ICT and learning resources and knowledge. In This Regard it is interesting to note That raises Moore (quoted in Laidlaw, 2003) That says quad “education is not an individual job, But a team of Specialists in CV Specialists Who Work Experts, Experts in ICT and Learning Resources and Knowledge.
It Must Also organize the course in small units or lessons so students progress systematically That and That Will Obtain feedback gains to be motivated enable learning to move forward. As I consider this assessment must cross the entire design program to provide feedback so the interaction and activities enabling a process evaluation of both pupils and teachers. Consider This As I cross the Entire Assessment Must design program to Provide feedback so the interaction and Enabling Activities to process evaluation of Both Pupils and teachers. For this I assessed through interaction with students and through instruments such as surveys and questionnaires for feedback. For This I Assessed Through And Through interaction with students instruments Such as surveys and Questionnaires for feedback.
2 This point of tuition Bold Refers to the degree of Commitment to Adopt That Have teachers or not this new paradigm Educational. Many times it happens that teachers perceive that this process of change are not supported by their institutions feel that way to move from one modality, teacher-centered and where he sees technology only as a support class, not a simple task. Many times it Happens That teachers Perceive That this process of change are not supported by Their Institutions Feel That Way to move from one Modality, teacher-centered and only WHERE I Sees technology as a support class, not a simple task.
This mode does not Perceive it as a change agent, or a generator of social learning and cognitive level. The research evidence shows that many teachers are barriers to the implementation of these forms of education, prejudices, and fears them. The research shows Evidence That Many teachers are Barriers to the Implementation of These forms of education, prejudice, and Fears Them. they are sometimes stronger than the desire to use the foregoing is necessary to implement policies aimed at teachers who are not familiar with this mode of teaching and learning these policies should be integrated throughout the educational community. Stronger Than They Are Sometimes The Desire to use the foregoing is NECESSARY to Implement Policies Aimed at teachers are not familiar Who With This mode of teaching and learning These Policies Should Be Integrated THROUGHOUT The Educational community. This means greater support by education authorities as well as managers of the unit engaged with the program or distance learning course. This Means Greater support by as well as Education Authorities of the unit managers Engaged With The distance learning program or course. Continuous training, subject to the rhythms and learning styles of each teacher, would be effective. Continuous training, subject to the rhythms and learning styles of Each teacher, Would Be Effective. because it requires extensive training involving computer technical, methodological knowledge but also effective for taking over a change in their role and how it facilitates the generation of knowledge. Because It Requires Extensive technical computer training Involving, Methodological Knowledge But Also Effective for a change in Taking Over Their role and how it Facilitate the generation of Knowledge. by students. by students. I also believe that innovative and successful experiences to share with colleagues or other educational units would be of great help to socialize the distance education mode. Also I believe That Innovative and Successful Experiences to Share with colleagues or other units Educational Would Be great help to socialize of the distance education mode. Invite them to participate in a course of interest-in this mode – and that relies on a platform friendly and easy to navigate so as to discover the strengths of this way of working. Invite Them to Participate in a course of interest-In This mode – And That relie on a platform friendly and easy to navigate so as to discover the Strengths of This way of working.
Finally, incentive compensation and Implement Policies For Those Who Dare to teachers keep my type of work.
3 Educational Prerequisites
Due to the distance education Characteristics of, the Educational skills required, But Will Also Ensure Techniques That Have the students the tools to Achieve the Objectives NECESSARY of the program. In this regard it is important to identify and provide background knowledge that are necessary for students to succeed in their program of study, or at least not be a barrier to knowledge building and achieving the goals outlined in design. In This Regard it is important to Identify and Provide Knowledge That background are for students to succeed NECESSARY In Their program of study, or at least not be a barrier to Knowledge Building and Achieving the goals Outlined in design. It is very important to consider the prior knowledge that students bring participants and if these skills are absent, the distance learning program must give this training. It is very important to Consider Prior Knowledge That the Participants bring students and If These skills are absent, the distance learning program Must Give this training. In this sense, I think it is important to identify and provide background knowledge that are necessary for students to succeed in their program of study, or at least not be a barrier to the construction of knowledge and the achievement of objectives in the design. In This sense, I think it is important to Identify and Provide Knowledge That background are for students to succeed NECESSARY In Their program of study, or at least not be a barrier to the construction of Knowledge and the Achievement of Objectives in the design. Thomas (quoted in Cerda, 2002) suggests the use of a number of questions for the student, so that give information on aspects such as motivation, self discipline, ability to organize time among others. Thomas (quoted in Cerda, 2002) Suggests the use of a number of questions for the student, so give information on Aspects That Such as motivation, self discipline, Ability to organize time Among Others. I think this information is essential because it allows students to know the type with which the work is, its strengths and weaknesses when developing the program remotely. I think is essential This Information Because It allows students to know the type with the work Which is, Strengths and Weaknesses When STI Developing the program remotely. It is important to establish mechanisms to diagnose these prior knowledge of such forms of readiness to implement relevant. It is important to diagnose Mechanisms to Establish Prior Knowledge of Such These forms of readiness to Implement relevant. I think this information can be obtained from the face to face interaction with students, so it is desirable to plan interviews with them. I think This Information Can Be Obtained from the face to face interaction with students, so it is Desire to plan Interviews with Them. Another aspect considered by Thomas (quoted in Cerda, 2002) is reading comprehension and written composition, competencies must be developed in students so that they are not a barrier to building their knowledge and delivering it to program. Another aspect considered by Thomas (quoted in Cerda, 2002) is reading comprehension and composition Written, Must Be Developed competencies in students so That They Are not a barrier to building Delivering Their Knowledge and to program it.
Dropouts in distance education 4 There Is Evidence of a High Percentage of students not Completing Their program of study. Fritsch (quoted in Cerda, 2002) notes that there are four types of school dropouts in this mode. Fritsch (quoted in Cerda, 2002) notes four types That There are school dropouts of In This mode. Students who enroll but do not participate. Students Who do not enroll But Participate. Those who retire after a while. Those Who After a while remove. Those who participate but do not meet the tasks and, finally, those who participate and fulfill their tasks, but disapprove courses. But Those Who Do Not Participate meet the tasks and, finally, Those Who Fulfill Their Participate and tasks, But disapprove courses. The causes of dropout are varied difficulty to self-regulate the times, allocating time to other activities need support from others, as evidenced by research by Woodley and McIntosh: Rekkedal, Kennedy and Powell, Ostman and Wagner and Sun (as shown quoted in Cerda, 2002) The evidence shows that for some students it is essential the support received from tutors or counselors, as well as getting good grades at the beginning of the program. The Causes of Varied Difficulty dropout are self-regulated to the times, Allocating time to Other Activities Need support from Others, as evidences by research by Woodley and McIntosh: Rekkedal, Kennedy and Powell, Ostman and Wagner and Sun (as quoted in Cerda Shown , 2002) The Evidence Shows That Some students for the support it is essential from tutors or counselors Received, as well as getting good grades at the Beginning of the program. These issues affect the reduction of dropout and puts it (Carr and Ledwith, Phythian and Clemments, and Kennedy and Powell (as quoted in Cerda, 2002) These issues Affect the Reduction of dropout and puts it (Carr and Ledwith, Phythian and Clemments, and Kennedy and Powell (as quoted in Cerda, 2002)
In light of This research is THEREFORE NECESSARY to Implement Policies That account allow distance learning in ITS Development stage, With tutors and counselors to support the work of Participating students. It must also implement a course of readiness that allows the student, especially one who has never participated in a distance course, knowing the work platform, it has sections, the actions you can perform it as well exercise the methodology to be used in the program. It Must Also implemented course of readiness That allows the student, one Who has never Especially PARTICIPATE in a distance course, Knowing the work platform, sections have it, You Can Perform the actions as well Exercise it to be the Methodology Used in the program .
5 Library Service Today, Many Universities Have access to virtual libraries, based on data and digital books make up a significant That resource in the teaching-learning process, and together with Knowledge That of the academics are the main resources Those Entering students. The importance of a library in the traditional system is backed by the literature. The Importance of a library in the traditional system is backed by the literature. Lance 1994 (quoted in Cerda, 2002), in this sense I think that this situation should not vary by distance model. Lance 1994 (quoted in Cerda, 2002), In This sense I think this situation That Should not Vary by distance model. Therefore it is necessary to implement policies that provide access to a virtual library of the institution that gives the program so that students have access to databases, electronic publications, and digital books and other library resources. Therefor it is NECESSARY to Implement Policies That Provide access to a virtual library of the institution That Gives the program so That Have students access to databases, electronic publications, digital books and other library and resources. For this it is important that the library has access from the program’s website so that is always visible to the student participant. This It is important for the library That you access from the program’s website is always visible so That to the student participant. It would be useful also to train and prepare computer technical staff working in the library, so that they are supported both for students and faculty. It Would Be Useful to train and prepare Also computer technical staff working in the library, so That They Are Both supported students and faculty for. Finally, implement systems and partnership agreements with other libraries so that students can join them via the Web, as there is a means and method to do so. Finally, implement systems and Partnership Agreements with Other libraries so students can join Them That via the Web, as There Is a Means and method to do so.
6 Education Guidance process by the student participant Which Will Receive guidance, support and information on issues specific to the program, administrative, and other tests Under-Rosemblint Guri (quoted in Cerda, 2002) There are five types of student orientation in education I think More Than it’s NECESSARY to global policy implemented, But At The Same Time Consider These five types of counseling. Provide some form of guidance for the applicant who is interested in the program or course, this means having a website that clearly essential information such as application requirements, student profile, the graduate, the mesh of studies, methodology work, participating teachers and so on. Some form of guidance Provide for the Applicant who is interested in. The program or course, This Means That Clearly Having a website Essential Information Requirements Such as application, student profile, the graduate, the mesh of studies, Methodology work, and so on Participating teachers . This information should be provided also in traditional ways, ie via telephone, fax and secretary. This Should Be Provided information Also in traditional Ways, ie via telephone, fax and secretary. Finally, implement a system of counseling for students participating in the program where they can channel their questions and concerns and for this there must be a person or persons responsible to guide and direct. Finally, implemented system of counseling for students Participating in the program WHERE Can They channel and Their questions and Concerns Must Be There For This person or persons responsible to guide and direct to. Given the characteristics of each program, I think this can be categorized into counseling, academic and technical. Given the Characteristics of Each program, I think this dog be categorized Into counseling, academic and technical. The first guide will take care of aspects such as dates of testing, research, and the last must monitor such things as proper use and operation of the platform by the student or access problems. The first guide Will take care of Aspects Such as dates of testing, research, and the last must-monitor Such Things as proper use and operation of the platform by the student or access problems. Finally, available within the platform’s educational program in a section with information concerning the use and access to the course platform such as study skills in distance learning and frequently asked questions and more. Finally, the platform’s available Within Educational Program in a section with information Concerning the use and access to the course platform Such as in distance learning study skills and frequently asked questions and more.
7 Trade Agreements, Copyright and Intellectual Property Some Institutions Offering Distance Education Have joined together with private companies as a Means of support while Generating Financial Resources From this partnership so as Suggested by Colyer (quoted in Cerda, 2002) Institutions That is Desirable review the materials Used in the program and get the Permits. Materials must be labeled clearly and should be defined and extensive knowledge in intellectual property policies, both material that originates within the institution and the coming from outside. Must be labeled Materials and Should Be Clearly defined and Extensive Knowledge in Intellectual Property Policies, Both Within the material originate That institution and the coming from outside. It must have the same reservations with the software. It Must Have the Same With The reservations software.
Groundwork Theory of Distance Education

Changes have our Society Involved Have Experienced an adaptation and re-engineering of Educational Systems and the Ways in Which It Is Given. This has meant among other processes, moving from a teacher-centered model to one centered on the pupil as indicated Altbach (quoted in Cerda, 2002) This educational paradigm shift, necessarily requires a theory that supports it, defining concepts, and give a conceptual framework, and identify the problems and questions that systematic research in the area can respond. This’ve Meant Processes Among other, moving from a teacher-centered model to one centered on the pupil as Indicated Altbach (quoted in Cerda, 2002) This Educational paradigm shift, a theory Necessarily Requires That Supports it, Defining concepts, and give a conceptual framework, and Identify the Problems and research questions in the Systematic That dog area respond. In this sense I believe that distance education certainly shares some aspects with education called “traditional” as for example, be able to build and generate knowledge. In This I Believe That sense Certainly distance education with education shares Some Aspects Called “traditional” as for example, be Able to build and generate Knowledge. What changes then it is on the one hand, the methodology of work, the roles of educators, the environment in which there is the teaching-learning process, and the means by which this modality is taught – among other things. What change is it Then on the one hand, the Methodology of work, the roles of educators, the environment in Which There Is the teaching-learning process, and the Means by Which Modality this is Taught – Among other things. According to Twigg and Oblinger (cited Cerda, 2002) learning in our society occurs in at least three scenarios: the universities, work and most recently in the “Campus Virtual”. Twigg and Oblinger According To (cited Cerda, 2002) learning in our Society in at least three Occurs scenarios: the Universities, in work and Most recently the “Campus Virtual”.
This change is supported Educational Further model in Various Situations, Characteristics and Needs of the post-industrial Such as scene change, globalization (Which Brings the Ability to integrate the design of technology Into a program or project level Educational curriculum, classroom, and the world of work), change in the mode of the jobs and roles Developing Within The company as it is expected Workers That Perform Their Various tasks and update Knowledge Frequently, an environment Highly Competitive Influences Also, the explosion of Knowledge and the Need to Increase Productivity and Costs of Higher Education reduces Among Others. In this sense and to the above, I consider that a theory of distance education is necessary, pertinent and justifiable because it meets the requirements and demands of society; This is, as Bruner puts it (quoted in Cerda, 2002 a) a knowledge society that is constantly changing-social, economic, educational and even the way people interact on a daily basis. In This sense and to the Above, i consider That a theory of distance education is NECESSARY, relevant and justifiable Because It meets the Requirements and Demands of Society; This is, as Bruner puts it (quoted in Cerda, 2002 a) a knowledge society That is Constantly changing-Social, Economic, educational and the way people interact Even on a daily basis.
Also I ask the rise of communications That and technology Facilitate and Enable our community to be a global community Without physical boundaries, no Barriers of time, the generation and transfer Affecting of information and Knowledge. In this sense I think that the mode of distance education is relevant and meaningful and effective contribution to implement courses that connect and unite to achieve in a virtual environment to people who have the interest and the need to achieve goals that allow access to that knowledge they require, and that society demands of them. In This sense I think That the mode of distance education is relevant and Meaningful and Effective contribution to Implement courses to unite and connect That Achieve in a virtual environment to people Who Have the interest and the Need to Achieve That allow access to goals Knowledge That They require, and Demands That Society of Them. On the other hand, the theory of distance education is also based on theories of learning themselves and individuals associated with this modality, and that explain and underpin the existence and relevance of this mode of teaching and learning. On the other hand, the theory of distance education is based on Also Theories of learning and Individuals associated Themselves With This Modality, And That Explain the Existence and underpin and relevance of This mode of teaching and learning. In this regard several authors propose and develop concepts, ideas and constructs associated with this educational paradigm that ultimately constitute the theory. In This Regard Several authors Propose and Develop concepts, ideas and Educational Constructs Associated With This That ultimately establishing the paradigm theory.
Also I ask the rise of communications That and technology Facilitate and Enable our community to be a global community Without physical boundaries, no Barriers of time, the generation and transfer Affecting of information and Knowledge. In this sense I think that the mode of distance education is relevant and meaningful and effective contribution to implement courses that connect and unite to achieve in a virtual environment to people who have the interest and the need to achieve goals that allow access to that knowledge they require, and that society demands of them. In This sense I think That the mode of distance education is relevant and Meaningful and Effective contribution to Implement courses to unite and connect That Achieve in a virtual environment to people Who Have the interest and the Need to Achieve That allow access to goals Knowledge That They require, and Demands That Society of Them. On the other hand, the theory of distance education is also based on theories of learning themselves and individuals associated with this modality, and that explain and underpin the existence and relevance of this mode of teaching and learning. On the other hand, the theory of distance education is based on Also Theories of learning and Individuals associated Themselves With This Modality, And That Explain the Existence and underpin and relevance of This mode of teaching and learning. In this regard several authors propose and develop concepts, ideas and constructs associated with this educational paradigm that ultimately constitute the theory. In This Regard Several authors Propose and Develop concepts, ideas and Educational Constructs Associated With This That ultimately establishing the paradigm theory.

In relation to this, I can mention Moore (cited in Cerda, 2002) who proposes a theory that integrates the concept of communication and that includes two dimensions: communication transactional and student autonomy. In relation to this, I can mention Moore (cited in Cerda, 2002) Who Proposes a theory That Integrates the concept of communication and That includes two dimensions: communication and student transactional Autonomy. For him, space is created between teacher and student is what he calls “transactional communication”, this space can lead to a loss in understanding, affecting the teaching-learning process. For him, space is created and student teacher entre is what I calls “transactional communication,” Can this space lead to a loss in Understanding, Affecting the teaching-learning process. This space in turn has two dimensions: the dialogue (between teacher and student-mediated communication resources) and structure (which is associated with the design of the course). This space in turn have two dimensions: the dialogue (between teacher and student-mediated communication resources) and structure (Which is Associated With The design of the course). Moore (cited in Cerda, 2002) notes that the second dimension relates to the degree of autonomy that the student has., Which in turn is given by the degree of transactional distance of each student. Moore (cited in Cerda, 2002) That notice to the second dimension the degree of Autonomy That the student has., Which in turn is Given by the degree of transactional distance of Each Student. This consideration is very important when implementing distance learning programs, allowing suit the educational context and the type of student and work environment. This is very important Consideration When Implementing Distance Learning Programs, Educational Allowing suit the context and the type of student and work environment. I also find interesting theory postulating Verduin and Clark (as cited in Cerda, 2002), who argue that distance education focuses on three dimensions: dialogue, structure and learner autonomy. I also find interesting theory postulating Verduin and Clark (as cited in Cerda, 2002), Who Argue That distance education Focus on three dimensions: dialogue, structure and learner Autonomy. The first dimension involves dialogue and the support given to the student. The first dimension Involves dialogue and the support Given to the student. The structure involves elements such as prior knowledge of the student and the course structure and specialization of it. The structure Involves Such elements as prior Knowledge of the student and the course structure and specialization of it. Finally, the dimension of learner autonomy provides the skills he possesses and that are particularly associated with the adult learner and Malcolm Knowles (quoted in Cerda, 2002) summarized his theory of “andragogy” Adults tend to be more self- integrate elements from a repertoire of experience and have more specific needs and specific learning disabilities. Finally, the dimension of learner Autonomy Provides the skills I possessed and are particularly associated That With The adult learner and Malcolm Knowles (quoted in Cerda, 2002) Summarized historical theory of “andragogy” Tend to be more Adults self-integrate elements from a repertoire Have experience of more specific and specific learning disabilities and Needs. I think this vision is very important theoretical contribution when designing a distance course especially when that student is an adult believe that this position raises and integrates concepts such as communication, adult education, specialization, structure and skills and competencies student and therefore I consider it a comprehensive approach as it contains several elements that are present in distance education. I think this vision is very important contribution Theoretical When Designing a course distance Especially When That student is an adult believe That This position raises and Integrated Concepts Such as communication, adult education, specialization, structure and skills and student competencies and therefore I Consider it a as it contains Comprehensive Approach That Several elements are present in distance education.

In Indonesia, WiMAX is not yet sepopuper Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). But as one of the licensees WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Mobile Access), Indonesia has the authority to apply this telecommunication technology on mobile operators who have good preparedness infrastructure readiness and operational readiness-maintanance. WiMAX wireless broadband access are expected to provide fresh air in the midst of the telecommunications industry competition and market needs.

A little Review about WiMAX
In the session of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in June 2007, the WiMAX standard included in the IMT-2000. The standard is also known as third generation mobile telecommunications standard (3G) spectrum covering 2.5 to 2.69 gigahertz.
Currently undergoing WiMAX coexistence studies to ensure its status as one of the 3G technology. In fact, through his IMTAdvanced ITU standard, WiMAX is ready to be a 4G technology.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connection in the distance. WiMAX is a broadband technology that has high speed access and wide coverage. WiMAX is an evolution from previous BWA technology with features that are more interesting. Besides the high data rates can be given, WiMAX also brings the issue of open standards. WiMAX devices in the sense of communication between different vendors can still be done (not proprietary). With large data rates (up to 70 Mbps), WiMAX eligible applied for “last mile” broadband connections, backhaul, and high speed enterprise.
What differentiates WiMAX with Wi-Fi is a technical standard which joined in it. If the IEEE 802.11 WiFi standard combine with ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Intitute), HiperLAN as technical standards suitable for WLAN, while WiMAX is a merger between the IEEE 802.16 standard by ETSI HiperMAN standard.
Output standard IEEE widely used in the region of origin, United States, while the output standard ETSI widespread use in Europe and surrounding areas. To make this technology can be used globally, it was created WiMAX. Both standards are technical standards combined with the correct specification is suitable for providing broadband connectivity through wireless media type or known by the BWA.

WiMAX on the Side Manufacturer or Provider
Head of General and Public Relations Directorate General of Post and Telecommunication, Gatot S. Dewa Broto confirmed, it has prepared a set of rules in the form of draft Regulation of the Minister of Communications and Informatics for the tender of BWA (broadband wireless access), which will begin in 2008. Tender is intended for equipment supporting the industry to license a single block of frequencies in the 2.3 GHz band.
Wan Yi, Director of Wireless and Mobile Communications Department at China Standards Association (CCSA), said the overall status of WiMAX will disrupt the balance of 3G mobile industry. “3G technology relies on the triangular structure of W-CDMA, CDMA, and TD-SCDMA. WiMAX will affect it massively. All major vendors of W-CDMA and CDMA oppose this, “said Wan. WiMAX is a technology that uses SOFDMA techniques, multicarrier modulation technique that uses subchannelisasi. Providers using the standard frequency for fixed subscribers (fixed) and mobile (normadic). WiMAX modulation technique is different from CDMA in which the CDMA uses different code for each customer.

WiMAX in Consumer Side
WiMAX technology can cover an area approximately 50km where hundreds of users will be shared signal and the channel for data transmission up to 155 Mbps.
In mobile applications, user WiMAX Wifi like using a terminal such as: notebooks, PDAs, and smartphones. Utilization of the same with the use of Wifi WiMAX. A terminal can detect WiMAX and WiFi networks so that users will increasingly be made easy because it can select a WiMAX broadband (WiMAX network) or wireless hotspot (for network Wifi / Wireless LAN).

Synergy WiMAX-WiFi-Cellular
Wifi (Wireless LAN) is a wireless communication network via a LAN computer. Its reach is limited to certain areas, so-called hotspots. The services provided can be varied, like LAN applications such as email, internet, intranet, messaging, music / video streaming and other IP service base.
When Wifi is combined with the implementation of WiMAX is clearly going to accelerate and expand its use, more secure because it can be a QoS (Quality of Service), more reliable, and rich in new services.
Synergies between the mobile WiMAX network combining wired and wireless, and terminal services. In general, the concept of convergence in telecommunications includes 3 aspects: devices, services, and network.
In general, introduced WiMAX as an access solution that offers multi-access, for example: WiMAX to complement the existing network (2G/3G and WiFi). The emergence of WiMax will automatically lead to competition with the 3G bearer.
3G service is mobile communication service that promises increased bandwidth of up to 384 Kbps when accessed in motion (normadic) while for the vehicle moving speed is 128 Kbps and up to 2 Mbps in a stationary state. GSM-based 3G technology (WCDMA) and CDMA (CDMA 2000). Thus the advantages of WiMAX is its speed and service that is more attractive than 3G. However, the ability mobilitynya 3G is still superior because it uses the node B which of course can cover a wider.

WiMAX Technology and Services
BWA WiMAX is a standards-based technology that enables distribution through the use of wireless broadband access as a complement to wireline. WiMAX provides last mile access for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile unconditional LOS (NLOS) between the user and base station. WiMAX is also a BWA system that has the ability interoperabilty between different devices. WiMAX is designed to provide services Point to Multipoint (PMP) or Point to Point (PTP). With data transmission capability of up to 10 Mbps / user.
WiMAX Development in a wide range of abilities. Fixed WiMAX in principle developed from the WiFi system, so the limitations of WiFi can be completed through this system, especially in terms of coverage / distance, and guarantee quality of service (QoS). Meanwhile, Mobile WiMAX can be developed to compensate for cellular technology such as GSM, CDMA 2000 or 3G. Advantage Mobile WiMAX found on the system configuration is much simpler and the ability of data transmission is higher. Therefore, the WiMAX system is possible and easily held by a new operator or service provider a small scale.

Technology Reviews
WiMAX is a term used to describe the standards and the implementation capable of operating based on IEEE 802.16 wireless networks, like WiFi which operates based on IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN standard. However, in implementation of WiMAX is very different to WiFi.
In WiFi, as OSI Layer, is standard on the second tier, where the Media Access Control (MAC) access method of competition, ie where several terminals at the same time gaining access. While the MAC in WiMAX-based access using scheduling algorithms (scheduling algorithm). With access method of competition, then services such as Voice over IP or IPTV which depend on the Quality of Service (Quality of Service) which is stable becomes less good. While on WiMAX, where the scheduling algorithm is used, then if after a terminal to get the warranty to obtain a number of resources (such as timeslot), the wireless network will continue to provide these resources for the terminal need it.
WiMAX standard was originally designed for the range of frequency of 10 sd 66 GHz. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004 (also known as 802.16d) adding the frequency range 2 to 11 GHz in the specification. Also known as 802.16d fixed WiMAX, updated again to 802.16e in 2005 (known as mobile WiMAX) and uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which has more scalability than the 802.16d standard that uses 256 OFDM sub-carriers. Use this new OFDM provides advantages in terms of coverage, installation, power consumption, the use of the frequency and efficiency of frequency bands. WiMAX 802.16e standard has the ability to hand over or hand off, as is appropriate in mobile communications.
Number of institutions that are interested in 802.16d and .16 e standards because the standard uses a lower frequency so it is better to damping and thus have a better penetration in the building. At present, there are already commercial networks using WiMAX-certified device in accordance with the standard 802 162.
WiMAX specifications led to an improvement over the limitations of WiFi standards by providing greater bandwidth and better encryption. WiMAX standard provides connectivity without the need for Line of Sight (LOS) in certain situations. Non-LOS propagation requires a standard .16 16.e d or revision, because it requires a lower frequency. Also, it should be used in muli-path signals (multi-path signals), as the 802.16n standard.

First 4G WiMAX operator in Indonesia
Sitra 4G WiMAX WiMAX is the first operator in Indonesia to launch 4G Wireless Broadband service in June 2010. Sitra WiMAX is part of the Lippo Group and the latest trademark of PT. Firstmedia language. Sitra WiMAX 4G Wireless Broadband will serve first in Indonesia in densely populated areas and at the same time have the right of BWA license coverage the most expensive is in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Banten Province, North Sumatra and Aceh Province.

Gate crashers are hugely notorious for disturbing the high and mighty because of their power to get work done. People who need some work done or union workers often find the residential places as lucrative pitching point to raise their demands. This can be checked with use of electronic gates. Electronic gates checks the authorization passes of the guest and opens up only after it has been proved. To manage the different kind of vehicular entry, they come in different sizes and shapes. Articulated gates are large and allow themselves to open in small spaces.

Electronic gates usually made of aluminum and of iron, are strong and provide electronic locks to provide secure locking and safe traffic regulations. When accompanied by security installations such as security cameras, security guards, electronic keycards, they enhance the usability more, providing vast and layered security levels.

The gate can be easily accessible to those with complete authorization while it would still be a tough checkpoint for others.

A type of gate, turnstile allows the entry of only one person at one time. In events such as meetings or anniversary, one-way entry of guests can also be enforced. A turnstile makes the traffic manageable because the traffic can be forced in arrive and depart in particular direction. The entry can also enforced by recognition of a ticket, pass. It can be used as fare gate for the purposes of parking in the underground facility of the property.

Access Control in electronic gates comes with computer programming which can be Windows based programming. The software have back-end database which can support up to 20000 users and their status. The entrances are check on basis of proximity, bio-access and coded access guests. To enable personalized request or monitor purposes, the electronic gates are integrated with an intercom system.

The security features are independent of the problems that could arise because of network problems. The software allows the security personnel to guard the entrance based on the anti-pass back and mantrap options.

These features can let you work in the solace of your home. The family members remain undisturbed by your outdoor businesses. The friends and relatives are always provided with safe entry. The business associates and colleagues also enjoy immunity to greater details. Thus, the wider aspect of your personality does not affect you in form of agitating workers or business brokers crashing in front of your house and demanding attention at inconvenient times.

Mobile broadband technology facilitates wireless high speed internet access through portable modem. In this technology digital information is transmitted and received through radio signals.  The same technology is used by cell phones. The main difference between regular cell phone technology and mobile broadband technology is that in the case of former, only voice data is communicated, and in the case of latter other types of data like web pages, emails, various types of files are passed on. Various standards adopted by mobile broadband technology are GPRS, IPW, LTE, 3G, WiMAX, Flash-OFDMA, EV-DO, etc. Among the standards, EV-DO and EDGE are widely used on GSM network while HSPDA, HSUPA and HSPA are employed on 3G, Foma and UMTS network.

Categories of mobile network technologies

Cell phone network technologies could be divided into two categories- Global Systems for Mobile communication (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These two technologies are popular different parts of the world. Europeans prefer GSM while Americans’ first choice is CDMA. The prime technical difference between these two technologies is based on sharing of the space on radio spectrum. Divergent algorithms are used by these two technologies. This feature enables numerous cell phone users to share radio frequencies without creating disturbances in each others’ networks.

3G technology

The most popular standard among all mobile broadband technology standards id 3G or third generation mobile technology. This technology has been developed simultaneously by both GSM and CDMA.  Both networks employ their own version of 3G technology to provide high speed internet access to their users.

GSM network features

GSM broadband networks employ the HSDPA technology. HSDPA is the abbreviation of High Speed Down-link Packet Access. HSPDA enabled network can transmit and receive both data and voice signals. This unique feature of this technology allows it users to browse the internet and converse at the same time. In this technology data transfer speed is increased considerably by focusing on downloading information rather than uploading. The average downloading speed of HSDPA is 400Kbps-700Kbps. Special networking hardware is required to access HSDPA mobile broadband. A PC card with broadband features could which be plugged into a laptop is a popular device. Also a gadget with built-in HSDPA card could be used. It is imperative to be I the range of HSDPA signal zone.

CDMA network features

EV-DO technology is used by CDMA broadband networks. EV-DO stands for Evolution Data Optimized. It operates on a part of cell phone network which is dedicated to data only. A huge amount of bandwidth is required for voice calls. CDMA networks increases data transmission rate to a great extent by segregating the data channel from voice channel. It enhances the network speed and thus multimedia, email and internet works much faster. The drawback of CDMA is that conversation and internet browsing cannot go on simultaneously. The average speed of EV-DO is 300Kbps-400Kbps. To access an EV-DO networked-DO hardware is required. This hardware is generally connected to a laptop through an USB port or other standard PC card slots. It acts as an antenna to transmit and receive broadband signals. For fast mobile broadband communication, the device should be within the range of EV-DO network.

Whether you’re a road warrior or simply own multiple PCs and want access to all your data from anywhere, here are a few easy ways to do it, and one not so easy option.

All of these options are secure, as long as you don’t leave a remote PC logged into your account, or log in from a PC that is already infected with spyware or a virus. I only log in from trusted PCs like my own laptop.

LogMeIn gives you remote access to your PC or Mac from any other computer with an Internet connection, for free. Just install LogMeIn on the computer you want to access, and then log into your account from any other computer. You’ll be able to see your desktop and use all your applications, as if you were sitting right in front of your home computer, even if you’re across town, across the country, or across the world. LogMeIn Pro², a paid upgrade, adds additional features like file transfers and remote printing.

Orb is a free program that essentially turns your PC into a server. Once you’ve downloaded and installed Orb, you can use any Internet-connected device with a streaming media player (mobile phone, PDA, laptop) to log into mycast.orb.com and access all your digital media, anywhere, anytime. Orb is also compatible with the Wii, PS3, and Xbox, so you can enjoy your media on your television screen as well! While Orb is heavily focused on delivering digital media, it works with documents as well.

If you’re a Mac guy, then you’re all about Me.com. For $ 99 a year, Me.com gives you easy access to your most important stuff, including email, contacts, calendars, photos, and files, from one place on the web. And since any changes you make on Me.com are stored in the cloud, you can see them on all your other devices, too.

Mocha Remote Desktop is a free application that provides complete, secure access to all the files and programs on your work PC from your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch, as long as your work computer is running Windows XP Professional, Windows Vista, or Windows 7.

Remote Desktop is built into the Microsoft Windows operating system. Not all versions of Windows have Remote Desktop functionality, though. Windows Professional and Ultimate editions generally include Remote Desktop by default. This is the cleanest example of real-time remote access technology, giving you the feeling that you’re sitting in front of your home PC’s desktop, from anywhere.

Setting up Remote Desktop is another story.

It’s easiest to do it from within your own internal network. If you want to use Remote Desktop from anywhere else in the world, you’ll need to configure your router and set up port forwarding, preferably with a Dynamic DNS account.

Personally, I like Remote Desktop best, but it takes serious time and effort to get it working the way you want.

Robert Siciliano, personal security expert contributor to Just Ask Gemalto, discusses yet another data breach on Fox News. (Disclosures)

Over the past decade Massachusetts has developed academic technology-engineering standards and implemented related programs. The Massachusetts experience has become a reference point for a number of other states and countries looking to support engineering education. This paper outlines the process Massachusetts has undertaken and some of the successes and challenges related to the implementation of engineering concepts in K-12 education.The development of state technology-engineering standards was initially made possible through the Massachusetts 1993 Education Reform Law but was only carried out through the advocacy of technology education educators and engineers with an interest in education. Massachusetts treats technology engineering as a science discipline, equivalent to physical science, life science, and earth and space science. A number of state policies support the implementation of school and district technology-engineering programs aligned with the technology-engineering standards, such as licensure and assessment expectations. A number of challenges remain, however, before technology-engineering can be considered to have developed to a point equivalent to traditional science disciplines.

The development of technology-engineering standards in Massachusetts started with the inclusion of language in the 1993 Massachusetts Education Reform Law: The board shall develop academic standards for the core subjects of mathematics, science and technology, history and social science, English, foreign languages and the arts. The board may also include in the standards a fundamental knowledge of technology education and computer science and keyboarding skills.The inclusion of”science and technology” in this legislation was the impetus for the development of the first state M4 Science and Technology Framework(MA ESE, 1996). The inclusion of the word “technology” in this label sparked a state-wide discussion of what that should include. For the science education community, it was indicative ofa science, technology, and society (STS) perspective reflective of Science for All Americans (AAAS, 1989) and the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996). For the technology education community, it suggested a technological literacy perspective reflective of Technology for All Americans (ITEA, 1996). There was some discussion as to whether it meant computers-instructional technology but the later inclusion of the label “technology education” in the statement about what the board “may also include” was interpreted as a reference to computers. The result of this state-wide discussion was an initial state framework that defined “science and technology” as an academic subject that integrated the STS and technology education perspectives. Later, in the 2001 framework revision, the STS perspective was reduced and replaced with more specific engineering principles, leading to the modified framework title “science and technology-engineering.” Learning things is not limited to the scentific area. Instead it also has relations with some other things like speaking a language or using software, including Rosetta Stone English and Rosetta Stone French. If you have a creative mind, you will make all your own differences in the end!

Computer technology just like other technologies has developed overtime and has also influenced our lives in different ways.  The research in human-computers interaction has been very successful and has influenced the computing system all over the world.  When we compare the evolution of computer technology and the several inventions that has taken place, it is evident that this industry is growing very fast and at a very high speed. This has been attributed to different challenges that have been faced by the players in this industry.  Information technology often shortens as IT is the common term that is commonly used to refer to the entire computer industry. It involves the use computers and software in the to mange information. However different companies use different terms to mean computer technology with some companies using terms like management information systems.

The history of information technology is very interesting.

This can be traced from the time when a department of information technology used a single computer operator especially for data storage to the modern time with complex communication between computers across the world. For business people, this has altered the business field in which the business field has been level and most businesses and customers are able to communicate freely despite time and location (Schwabach 2006 p87).

The major players in this field are always in constant research in order to come up with the most current products for the competitive market.

This is because this industry has become the backbone of the development of all the other industry. Information technology and computers are mandatory requirements for all the organizations in the current business world (Schwabach 2006 p87). However, players in this industry still experience major challenges with regard to piracy and conspiracy of most of their products. Major players which include Microsoft international, Toshiba, Acer, Compaq, Dell, and Hp among other players have not been able to control this illegal act despite their worldwide operations.

Computer technology industry is majorly concerned in the facilitation of communication, data storage, data processing and data delivery to the right people at the right time. This function is essential to every organization that is involved in business activities across the world. Currently, there is intense competition in this industry and the major player, Microsoft international is no longer enjoying the monopoly power that it used to enjoy before. However, this has led to the reduction in the cost of different products if compared to the past. This has also been attributed to partly by the advancement in the technology as well as due to the upcoming new products.

Computer technology has also been popular across the world and the field of expertise has been developed to a new level. Professionals in this field are many and the services that called for highly trained professionals can now be handled by ordinary people due to the production of computer programs that are user friendly (Geisst 2006 p.28). The availability of computers and the reduction in the cost of computers as well as training has also contributed to exposure IT by almost everybody unlike in the past when computers were for the rich and the middle income earners. Many individuals have become IT professionals are now helping in the executing different tasks like, computer networking and information processing, data management, data base and software design, engineering of computer hardware as well as the administration and management of the entire systems at affordable cost. One of the companies the major player in this industry is the Microsoft Corporation which has also transformed this industry at a great deal.

Microsoft Corporation
Background

Microsoft is a multinational company that is located in Redmond, Washington in the United States of America. Microsoft is a company that has world wide business operations and supports the computing industry in licensing, manufacturing and supporting a wide range of product and services in this industry. Through its product division, Microsoft Corporation consists of a variety of products that includes both services as well as tangible products. Microsoft was constituted I the United States of America on 4th April 1975 with the major objective of developing and selling BASIC interpreters mainly for Altair 8800. However, Microsoft has since dominated the operating system market by developing different products which it has dominated do date. Microsoft home computer operating systems are the most and the commonly used operating in different parts of the world. It has also dominated the office suite with the popular Microsoft office, recently ventured into the video game industry with the introduction of Xbox as well as in the electronics when they introduced Zune into the market (Shelly 2008 p.56). However, Microsoft Corporation has been criticised that it has for a long time used its monopolistic practices in business which they claimed included anticompetitive strategies. The European commission as well as the department of justice in the U.S. also confirmed that they violated the antitrust laws.

Product division

Microsoft Corporation offers a wide range of products into the markets both in the United States and internationally in other countries. These products include Server and tools, windows and windows live division as well as online services in their company clients section. These include a variety of server products, web application programs, software distribution, path management as well as software inventory (Schwabach 2006 p87). This division also provides consulting services in Information technology such as in the certifications of programs hence help in the development of programs and software by other partners.

Today all that we have a technological connotation to it. Whether at home, school or workplace, technology has found a comfortable niche and has become an integral part of life. With the use of technology, many arenas are seeing the changes and education is also one of them. The birth of educational technology has proven to be of great help to students worldwide. Not only in the regular environment, but also in educating students with special needs have been known to be benefited with the introduction of this modern invention. Now we will discuss the uses and benefits of educational technology in the context of today.

What is Educational Technology?
‘Educational Technology’ The term has a broad perspective and also refers to the technology and instructional technology or learning. This method has a role in driving the learning process of students and also helps teachers communicate with students in an easy way. Educational technology can be a class issue, or may even be removed from the classroom. This technology has transformed the stereotypical image of a modern classroom and more interesting. Thanks to this modern development, classrooms are no longer a boring place and learning is really a fun experience. With the use of computers and software programs that provide learning materials, technology education has changed greatly.

Benefits of Educational Technology
There are several benefits of introducing technology in the field of education. There has been a positive impact of technology in education. Virtual classrooms have made learning easier for the student community. With the potential use of technology, learning speed and style have undergone radical change and communication has become easier. Here are some of the benefits of educational technology.

* One of the benefits of educational technology for students is to help improve their learning skills. Since it is a field that is constantly changing, new updates can be easily introduced to students and lesson plans can be prepared with the help of software.
* In the earlier days, education was considered mainly for the elite class and persons under other layers were quite ignorant of it. With the introduction of educational technology, there is no discrimination and all are equally accessible to get an education.
* The data can be interpreted in various ways with the help of study materials. Knowledge has become accessible to students from all over the world with the application of technology in the field of education. online classroom for students to interact with other students who belong to the same stream, but located elsewhere in the world.
* As the Internet is the main and other things like the Tablet PC handheld and smart cards have entered the arena, students do not have to carry heavy backpacks loaded with books. You can walk comfortably in the classroom where these machines are already placed.
* With the creation of virtual classrooms, the instructor from anywhere in the world can teach the student (or students) who may be living at the other end. The scope of this technology is far away and students living in remote areas can also be exploited easily.
* In special education, educational technology has led to a radical change in the needs of the students are treated differently. With the introduction of software that teaches students with special needs, appropriate study materials are designed to make learning comfortable.

With the inclusion of technology, the concept of education is undergoing a change, for the betterment of students and teachers. Therefore, the introduction of technology is important in education. Thanks to educational technology, learning and teaching have become a pleasant experience.

The term music technology actually refers to the devices, techniques, styles, or effects which music artists use to enhance or even create a musical piece. One of the most common application of music technology is the music editing software that a lot of music artists use so that they may be able to arrange their songs easily.

Other may also use special effects which may contribute to the improvement of the song being created. A lot of musical genres such as techno use this kind of music technology in enhancing the outcome of a single music. Almost all of the techno songs nowadays are produced using computer editing software or computer-generated sounds or special effects.

This only shows that the technology itself is a broad field and is not only limited to one particular field.

Everything is possible with technology as long as you know how to use it properly. If you want to further your knowledge with music technology, you may find a university which offers this particular type of course. There are actually numerous universities nowadays which offer a course in music technology. The scope in the course music technology is not only limited to the music industry that we know today because it may also tackle programming, acoustic science, and music theories.

Music technology is actually a combination of two different fields namely music and technology. With this reason, it is just right that a student of someone who wants to know more about music technology itself should be knowledgeable of both music and technology.

This is to ensure that he will be able to cope with the challenges that he might encounter along the way.

If you are the type of person who knows a lot when it comes to computers and you also love music, then you should consider music technology as a viable career for you.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

How will you create an impact of Information Technology in your organization and do international business?

            Information Tech has revolutionized the phase of Business around the world. Local Businesses have become international due to a simple website. I.T. has helped businesses in Advertising. People who check their email may suddenly have a pop up at their page ends with sales up to 60% at some RUPEES!

            I.T. has helped in Customer Service, huge cooperation’s like Microsoft attend to customer needs through email and chat services. Networking internal and external in organizations has improved the working of businesses. Staffs and Clients like wise can get in touch with the MANAGERS for feedback, progress reports and extensions.

            Communication has bloomed, two business organizations if they need to work together can easily do so. Hotmail when merged with MSN was easy since the service was online. Business these days require a lot of planning, due to high tech organization systems on computers, planning can be done on an organized pattern, with schedule formats, gantt charts etc. Huge databases can now be controlled and stored on network and back up drives.

            Accessibility of files also has become an easy task with series of password keys and shared folders. Cash transaction are easily made, delay in reduced hence giving liquidity to business.

            Information intensive businesses operating in a global environment are looking for a special type of manager. This individual must comprehend simultaneously the complex international business environment and know how information technology (IT) can be used to best support the company’s strategic direction. In information-intensive industries, IT is the lifeline to an organization’s global operations, creating new opportunities for these skilled individuals. Robinson’s new career path in International Business and Information Technology is just the answer. Building synergy from courses that overlap three areas (international business, organizational strategy–and its fit with IT, and IT itself), this career path prepares tomorrow’s leaders in an increasingly information- dependent global marketplace.

            Computerization has changed the way business is conducted the world over. No aspect of business has remained untouched by the information technology (IT) revolution. This is especially true of international business where people located in different parts of the world conduct transactions with each other. The activities of international business include manufacturing, in-land transportation, customs and excise matters, port operation, shipping, clearing and forwarding, etc.  During the course of these transactions, a large number of documents are created and exchanged, many of these documents or the information contained therein is repeated, while creating and mailing these documents before the advent of IT., hundreds of man-hours would be lost in repetitive operation, innovations in IT have revolutionized international business; the use of technology in managing and processing information. Especially in large organizations helps save time, bring down costs, and reduce manpower, manual data input and transfer has now become not only obsolete, but also irrational. 

            Having witnessed the extraordinary development of information technology during the past 20 years qualifies us as dinosaurs, yet it also helps us to identify some systemic changes it triggered in business education, and to predict further trends that will profoundly affect business education in emerging economies.

            The IT sector in itself also quickly became a major driver in emerging economies: such was the case for the “Four Asian Tigers”, and later, India, Brazil and China. India’s success story is well known: today, it exports $ 6 billion a year in software and related services. Success in technology allows India to expand into more and more mainstream business process outsourcing. In 2001, , International Data Corporation[ IDC ]ranked Asia as #2 behind North America in terms of number of IT developers. In 2006, IDC predicts that Asia will take the lead in absolute numbers. In China, trends are similar: there are 400,000 people employed in the software industry, of which 250,000 are software engineers. And current education plans call for the training of several tens of thousands every year. Which brings our attention back to the United States where similar tends are still driving the changes of its labor force. Current U.S. Department of Labor statistics rank seven computer-related occupations as the seven fast growing in the country. So it is only fair to say that the influence of Information Technology on emerging economies is just starting.

Based on past and present observations through many activities in emerging economies as a businessperson, I will offer three predictions regarding business education in emerging economies.

Prediction #1 : The ubiquity of best contents, processes and academic tools made available through technology and the Internet will help emerging economies to build academic resources faster, cheaper and better.

            It will be harder over time for Western academic institutions to demonstrate their added value other than brand and accreditation. Curriculum, best practices, methodologies are available instantaneously across the world. And many emerging economies governments are putting a strong emphasis on domestic higher education. From Dubai to Singapore, the level of excellence of technical and business education has been a top priority for a number of years.

Prediction #2 : Reverse flows of expertise and resources from emerging economies and a globalization of accreditations will affect the business education market as has already happened with IT training.

            From a business education standpoint, emerging economies represent a vast potential for effectively priced local business education courses and expertise. In these countries, it is likely that the business education market will continue to shift towards a mass market with objective standards, as opposed to an “elite” market. A likely consequence of the growth of business education services among emerging economies is their potential ability long term to export and compete successfully with their own services across the world. This may sound unrealistic or even ludicrous to Western educators used to look at emerging economies with a different perspective.

            The Information Technology Training sector, however, is an interesting indicator: among the largest and most successful IT Training firms are at least two Indian corporations, NIIT and Aptech. Both have established schools in more than 50 emerging economies and developing nations, and, in Europe and the United States, they both export advanced e-learning design services

            Obviously, education institutions from developed economies operate from high grounds: the expertise, wealth and communities built around major business schools in the United States and to a lesser extent in Europe are extraordinary, and their brand awareness span the globe for post-graduate studies. Accreditation thus becomes an important aspect of who can sell what type of services and with which partner and criteria. This whole question is obviously up for discussion as the rush towards partnering with emerging economies education institutions is just starting.

            However, yet again, the IT industry has contributed to create new dynamics. Today, most IT developers or IT personnel defines their competencies first and foremost based upon professional certifications defined globally by IT firms leading their field: Microsoft, SAP, Cisco, Novell, and others. In fact, a Cisco certified engineer would be hired first because of his or her certification and secondarily because of another education background. And as those certifications encompass more and more business processes, and employers rely on worldwide certification criteria to hire their personnel, it is likely that global business education norms will emerge as well.

Prediction #3: The Internet will continue to grow and will open unprecedented opportunities for business education geared towards impoverished areas in emerging economies

            As much as one would hope to be able to grasp the full consequences of the growth of the Internet, it is a near impossible task. However, one aspect is certain: the Internet will grow by a huge order of magnitude over the next ten years. And in emerging economies where a substantial part of the population still lives in rural areas with very low standard of living such as China and India, the common wisdom was so far that the “Digital Divide” would worsen due to the insurmountable cost of wired infrastructure.

            New Wireless Internet technologies, however, carry the promise of spreading broadband connectivity to underserved areas across the globe at a very low cost. An informal cooperation between companies and institutions such as Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Cisco, the United Nations and the World Bank makes it possible to help organizations such as the Wireless Internet Institute and the International Telecommunications Union to foster new standards and practices for regulators in emerging economies. What field study of pioneering experiments shows, notably in India, is that wireless Internet technologies work, are useful to the poor, and support practical applications for health, education, public administration, small business and agriculture in underserved rural areas.

            These may seem far-fetched but coinciding interests of leading IT vendors and of the international Development Community are poised to create a strong momentum for wireless technologies the world over.

            Long term, the implications for business education are considerable: as impoverished areas get connected and are trying to improve their economic and social condition, there may well be a whole new opportunity on a unprecedented scale to support a multitude of basic business vocational education and training needs using new technology.

Areas              

In international business today, IT finds maximum utility in the following areas:

1. Electronic procurement

2. Electronic marketing

3. Electronic logistics 

             A modern competitive enterprise seeks to hold an edge over the market. IT helps provide this competitive advantage through its various applications tools. By adapting these tools in various areas of business, the organization can gain many advantages in terms of accessibility to a customer or supplier in any part of the world, speed of operations, reduction in man power, etc. due to the reach of the internet it is possible to conduct buying and selling transactions irrespective of geographical location. Internet banking helps in the speedy execution of payments and settlement of accounts. A website can be a virtual showroom, where products can be displayed, demonstrated, and sold. Such a website can also provide various after- sales service tips and suggestions, launch discussions forums, ask for customer feedback, and educate the customer. IT application such as electronic data interchange (EDI) has also enabled logistics operations to be paperless. 

1. Electronic Procurement           

            E-procurement essentially comprises a number of inter-related methods for improving the procurement process through the use of electronic systems and processes.  The need for e-procurement stems from the fact that in today’s globalized world, a manufacturer can source inputs such as raw materials, components, machinery and consumables from any part of the world.  The manufacturer is constantly looking for suppliers who can offer quality materials at the most competitive rates.  The internet has become a favourite hunting ground for the best bargains. Small companies can purchase their inputs through various websites, which sell a variety of items. However, for the larger organizations, electronic procurement is a systematically outlined process. Here, enterprises use automated applications to streamline buying both production and non-production goods and services.

            The entire electronic procurement process can be divided into three major components: pre-purchase, purchase, and payment activities. Pre-purchase activity can begin with a Request For Purchase (RFP) generated by the user department and sent to the purchase department. The electronic platform helps to plan pre-purchase activities starting with the vendor pre-qualification process. Vendors are invited to register their interest in a prescribed application form. They are asked to provide information about their organization, availability of resources, such as manpower, machinery, and monetary resources. Reference letters from their bankers help establish their standing in the market. A list of their present customers is also sought to gauge their market base. The short-listed vendors are registered and whenever there is a requirement of their services, a Request For Quote (RFQ) is sent to them. In case of very large purchase orders, venders are invited to bid in a competitive bidding process. Tender evaluations tools help identify the most suitable bid. A number of companies resort to reverse auctions, whereby, they announce the auction process on their website and ask the vendors to make their bids before the deadline. The bids are then opened and evaluated, before the contract is awarded to the selected vendor with the most suitable offer. This process is called a reverse auction because in this case the auction is for procurement instead of a sale.           

Benefits of Electronic Procurement

Reduction in Manpower Cost

Reduction in Purchase Cycle Time

Wider Choice of Vendors

Better Prices for the Purchased Goods

Reduction in Transaction Cost

Fewer Human Errors

Better Relations with the Vendors

Better Compliance with Regulations 

2. Electronic Marketing

            Internet has changed the way we exchange goods for money.  It has broken geographical barriers between buyers and sellers.  The internet enables a manufacturer in India to sell his/her goods to a customer in any part of the world through the World Wide Web.  It is necessary, however, that the buyer has access to internet and has the necessary know-how and desire to make online purchases.

            The internet has provided a very effective platform for electronic marketing or e-marketing.  E-marketing means using digital technologies to help sell your goods or services.  This is different from a conventional market place, where sellers display their goods and buyers can touch and feel the goods and bargain with sellers.  In case of e-marketing, sellers can display photographs, video films and specifications of their products.  In most cases, the prices are also displayed so that buyers have a clear idea about the product and price.  

Benefits of E – Marketing

24*7 Connectivity – The buyer can access the seller’s website 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.
Less Expensive – E-Commerce websites can be launched with a very small budget.  The expenses involved are website development charges, web-space rental, hosting charges and website maintenance charges.
Worldwide Reach – The biggest benefit of business over the internet is its global reach.
Online Payment Facility – The buyer can make online payments via credit card.  This facility speeds up the transaction, assuring the seller of payment.
Measurement of Effectiveness – By putting a counter on the website, the seller can count the number of visitors to the website and the number of buyers who actually made on-line purchase.
Ease of Operation – The buyer need not leave the comfort of office or home to purchase goods on the internet.  The payment can be made with a click of the mouse and the goods can be delivered at the buyer’s door step.
User-Friendliness – Most e-marketing websites are very easy to use.  The buyer is guided through various procedures to purchase the good on-line.  Many sellers have established call centers to be in direct touch with the buyer.
Personalized Service – Visitors to the websites are normally advised to register themselves, so that each time they visit the website they are recognized and provided suitable services.
Creation of Consumer Databases – The seller can keep a data base of the name, age, address, sex, contact numbers and important dates, such as birthdays and marriage anniversaries of online buyers. 

3. Electronic Logistics

            Electronic logistics is use of web –based technologies to support warehousing and transportation management processes. E-logistics enables distribution to couple routing optimization with inventory tracking and tracking information.

            In international trade and distribution, computerization is slowly but surely tacking hold of every aspect of business. From computerized trade leads available through the department of commerce, to electronic letters of credit, to telecommunicated documents, to computerized freight booking, tracing and documentation system, to electronic freight tariffs, automated freight payment systems, computerized loss and damage reporting.

            There is a tremendous scope of the application of IT in logistics.  In fact, modern supply chains are held together by the strength of IT, through its ability to transmit huge amount of data speedily, or make global data available to expedite the decision making process.

            Due to the advantages offered by IT, many logistics providers are planning to handle majority of their commercial transactions electronically.  Also, exporters are already using IT for various activities ranging from e-procurement of goods to availing transportation services on the net. 

Important Electronic Tools 

            Shipping lines are keen to encourage their customers to use the internet and have developed a number of attractive tools.  The biggest benefit of these tools is that both shippers as well as shipping lines gain by using them.  Following are some of the important tools:

Electronic receipt of vessel schedule information

Tracking and tracing of cargo

Remote bill of lading (B/L) printing

Single data entry reporting

Exception reporting

Online tendering, etc. 

1. Electronic Receipt of Vessel Schedule Information

            Shippers can visit a logistics portal to check the schedule of different shipping lines and choose what suits their supply chains the best.  This saves shippers time and effort.  The shipping lines, too, benefit as they do not have to inform individual shippers about their voyage schedules.  At present, the only limitation to this system is that not every portal maintains information about every shipping line, nor does every shipping line provide updated information on their sites or related portals.

2. Tracking and Tracing of Cargo

            The biggest benefit shippers enjoy as far as e-logistics is concerned, is tracking and tracing the cargo.  With e-connectivity they need to spend less time per enquiry with shipping lines about the status of their cargo and significantly improve their supply chain visibility.  However, different portals offer different services.

3. Remote Bill of Lading Printing

            The main benefits of this facility are reduced production and distribution costs for the carriers.  The shipper’s gain is fast and error-free receipt of documents.  More and more shippers are using this facility and are demanding simplified transmission of transport documents.  One of the reasons for this is error-free transmission of Bill of Lading.  Shipping lines normally dispatch the Bill of Lading within 48 hours of vessel sailing. 

4. Single Data Entry Reporting

            With the aligned system of documentation, the format of various shipping documents is now standardized.  Information once keyed in any document will automatically appear in all aligned documents.  This system saves repetitive data entries and also saves substantial time and cost.

5. Exception Reporting

            Shippers across the world, who work tirelessly towards manufacture of quality products, also want reliable delivery schedules.  Exception reporting by the shipping line helps the shipper to know if there are any deviations from the instructions, which he/she has given to the shipping line.

6. Online Tendering

            To find out the ocean freight rates from various shipping lines, the shipper has to send an enquiry separately to each shipper.  Online tendering helps the shipper to send out rate enquiries to as many shipping lines as desired by merely pressing a button.  Today, in the era of rationalization, mergers and acquisitions, the shipper’s global requirements are getting increasingly complex.  Online tendering helps them get competitive quotations from shipping lines operating on various routes.  These multinationals maintain databases of such quotations in order to choose the most competitive rates on various routes. 

Conclusion

            Technology is changing at a very fast pace.  Various aspects of electronic business such as e-procurement, e-marketing, e-logistics use a number of technology products.  The life cycle of technology products is very short.  We are living in a knowledge-driven era, where everyone has access to information thanks to internet and a variety of other sources of information.  However, the market is dominated by those, who translate information into knowledge and use the knowledge to improve productivity and efficiency of their enterprises.  India is enjoying an enviable position because of its leadership in the area of information technology.  A number of business solutions are developed in India for world wide applications. However, such applications take a long time to be implemented in India itself.

Shivashankar. V. Jirli.

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